Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHGY-210 > Endocrinology - Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Endocrinology - Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Addison’s Disease is characterized by the failure of the adrenal cortex to produce what kind of hormones?

A

adrenocortical hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can happen to the adrenal gland in Addison’s Disease?

A

it can be destructed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can cause Addison’s Disease?

A

autoimmune attacks to the adrenal glands or tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cushing’s Disease is the excessive production of what 2 steroids?

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes Cushing’s Disease?

A

increased circulating levels of ACTH or adrenal tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease characterized by?

A

hyperplasia of an adrenal cortex or pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

behind the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

99% of the pancreas is ___ and secretes the digestive enzymes.

A

exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the small endocrine structures of the pancreas called?

A

islets of Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 60% of the cells of the islets of Langerhans known as?

A

beta-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do beta-cells synthesize?

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 25% of the cells of islets of Langerhans known as?

A

alpha-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do alpha-cells synthesize?

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are insulin and glucagon?

A

small protein hormones and both control glucose concentration in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which is more important: insulin or glucose?

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Insulin is the only hormone that acts primarily to…

A

decrease blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the fasting level of glucose in the blood?

A

80mg/100mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why does glucose need to be transported?

A

because it cannot diffuse very readily into most cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does glucose get transported to? (3)

A
  1. in the liver and muscle
  2. in the adipose tissue
  3. in many cells of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is glucose converted into glycogen?

A

in the liver and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is glucose converted into fat and stored for later use?

A

in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the insulin receptor?

A

it stimulates the insertion of glucose transport proteins stored in cytoplasm into plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Do insulin receptors increase or decrease glucose uptake?
increase glucose uptake
26
When does insulin deficiency happen?
when beta-cells are destroyed
27
What kind of disease does insulin deficiency cause?
diabetes mellitus
28
What is diabetes mellitus?
when most tissues cannot take up glucose so it accumulates in the circulation
29
Why does insulin deficiency happen even if there is no glucose in the diet?
because of increased gluconeogenesis
30
What increases when there is insulin deficiency?
lipolysis
31
Why is fat inefficiently used during insulin deficiency?
because there is an incomplete oxidation of FFa and increased circulating acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone
32
What mg% does glucose spill over into urine?
>180mg%
33
What is polyurea?
loss of water in urine
34
What does glycosurea cause?
polyurea and polydipsia
35
What does untreated diabetes lead to? (2)
ketosis and metabolic acidosis
36
What needs to be administered in diabetes mellitus to restore individual back to normal?
insulin
37
What needs to be administered in diabetic comas?
acidosis and associated electrolyte imbalance and insulin
38
In adults, diabetes mellitus may be due to a deficiency of what 2 things?
1. insulin 2. hyporesponsiveness to insulin
39
What is type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
deficiency of insulin
40
What is type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
hyporesponsiveness to insulin
41
What happens when beta-cells of the pancreas are destructed?
synthesis of insulin does not occur
42
What must be administered when beta-cells in the pancreas are destroyed?
insulin
43
Why is it important to control the dose of insulin administered as a treatment for diabetes?
because too much insulin could lead to severe decrease in blood glucose content
44
When blood glucose reaches 20-30mg/100ml, the availability of glucose for the brain is not sufficient and the individual may fall into a coma known as ___ or ___.
insulin shock, hypoglycemic coma
45
What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?
when insulin levels are normal or abnormally high
46
What is insulin resistance often due to in type 2 diabetes?
decreased number of insulin receptors on target cells
47
What is type 2 diabetes associated with?
overeating and obesity
48
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?
proper diet and exercise
49
What is juvenile diabetes?
when the beta-cells in the pancreas do not produce insulin
50
What is the treatment for juvenile diabetes?
administration of insulin
51
When is the glucose tolerance test increased and decreased?
increased: in hyperinsulinism decreased: diabetes
52
What is the person given after an overnight fast during the glucose tolerance test?
0.75 to 1.5g of glucose/kg body weight
53
In the glucose tolerance test, blood is taken before and ___ minute intervals for ___ hours.
30-60 minutes, 3-4 hours
54
What is the normal result for the glucose tolerance test?
glucose increases in 1 hour from 80mg/100mL to 130mg/100mL and returns back to normal after 2-3 hours
55
What is the result for a diabetic for the glucose tolerance test?
increase in glucose is greater and returns to normal more slowly
56
What responds to levels of blood glucose?
beta cells
57
increase in blood glucose = ___ insulin secretion
increase
58
decrease in blood glucose = ___ insulin secretion
decrease
59
What impulses to beta cells induce insulin release?
gastrin and vagal impulses
60
How does glucagon raise blood sugar?
by promoting glycogenolysis and glucogenesis in the liver
61
What kind of tissue increases the rate of lipolysis?
adipose tissue
62
What controls the release of glucagon?
concentrations of glucose in the circulation
63
decrease in glucose = ___ alpha cells synthesis of glucagon
increase
64
___>glucagon
insulin
65
What produces growth hormone?
the anterior lobe of the pituitary
66
What 2 things does the growth hormone increase?
1. protein synthesis 2. lipolysis
67
Are growth hormones mediated by somatomedins?
no
68
Where are somatomedins produced?
in the liver
69
What stimulates the production of somatomedins?
growth hormone
70
What are somatomedins structurally similar to?
insulin
71
What is the function of somatomedins?
increase protein synthesis and stimulate growth
72
What 2 hypothalmic neurohormones control the release of the growth hormone?
1. somatoliberin 2. somatostatin
73
What does somatoliberin do?
stimulates GH release
74
What does somatostatin do?
inhibits GH release
75
What happens to growth in young individuals if they have GH deficiency?
it decreases
76
What happens to young individuals if they have excess GH?
gigantism
77
What happens to adults if they have excess GH?
acromegaly (bones get longer and heavier)

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions