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PHGY-210 > Endocrinology - Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Endocrinology - Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs?

A

testes in the male and ovaries in the female

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2
Q

What are the 2 functions of gonads?

A
  1. gametogenesis
  2. secretion of sex hormones
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3
Q

What are the 3 kinds of sex hormones?

A
  1. testosterone (men)
  2. estrogen and progesterone (fem)
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4
Q

Are the differences in reproductive endocrinology in males and female quantitative or qualitative?

A

quantitative

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5
Q

What does estrogen maintain in males?

A

bone density

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6
Q

Where is estrogen produced in males?

A

in tissues

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7
Q

What does aromatase convert testosterone to?

A

estrogen

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8
Q

What does estrogen deficiency in males lead to?

A
  1. increased to body fat
  2. contributes to sexual desire and erectile function
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9
Q

What secretes GnRH?

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where does GnHR travel to?

A

anterior pituitary

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11
Q

What 2 pituitary gonadotropins does the GnRH stimulate the release of?

A

FSH and LH

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12
Q

What do FSH and LH stimulate the development of?

A

spermatozoa/ova and sex steroids

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13
Q

What do sex steroids exert effects in?

A

gonads

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14
Q

What is the principal function of the testes? (2)

A

spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis

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15
Q

What are precursor germ cells called?

A

spermatogonia

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16
Q

Where does the process of spermatogenesis take place?

A

in the coiled seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

How long does the process of maturation from immature spermatozoon take?

A

60 days

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18
Q

What are the 2 cell types critical for maturation of spermatozoa?

A

Leydig cells and Sertoli cells

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19
Q

Where are Leydig cells located?

A

outside seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

Where are Sertoli cells located?

A

within the seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

In response to LH, what do Leydig cells synthesize?

A

androgens

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22
Q

What do Sertoli cells envelop during their development?

A

germ cells

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23
Q

What do Sertoli cells synthesize in response to FSH? (2)

A

ABP and inhibin

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24
Q

What kind of concentrations does spermatogenesis depend on?

A

androgen

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25
Q

How much higher do androgen concentration in seminiferous tubules need to be compared to androgen concentration in circulation otherwise spermatogenesis ceases?

A

10x higher

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26
Q

Sertoli cells ensure high ___ concentration within seminiferous tubules.

A

androgen

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27
Q

What 2 feedback loops regulate testicular androgen?

A
  1. hypothlamic-pituitary-Leydig cell axis
  2. hypothalamic-pituitary-seminiferous-tubules axis
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28
Q
A
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29
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

A

androgen

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30
Q

What does androgen inhibit the release of (3)?

A

GnRH, LH and RSH

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31
Q

What does non steroidal inhibin secreted by sertoli cells inhibit?

A

FSH

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32
Q

What 2 things do ovaries produce?

A

mature eggs and steroid hormones

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33
Q

What does ovary contain at birth?

A

oocytes

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34
Q

How many oocytes are there at birth?

A

2 millions

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35
Q

How many ova are left after puberty?

A

400,000

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36
Q

What are oocytes surrounded by?

A

granulosa cells

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37
Q

What is the basement membrane of the oocytes made up of?

A

primordial follicles

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38
Q

What is the fundamental reproductive units of the ovary?

A

primordial follicles

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39
Q

When does the growth of primordial follicles into primary follicles begin by?

A

an unknown initiating events

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40
Q

What is growth of primary follicles controlled by? (2)

A

gonadotropins and steroid hormones

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41
Q

What is degeneration of follicles called?

A

atresia

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42
Q

What occurs during the initial stages of oocyte development in follicular growth?

A

initially, enlargement and differentiation of the oocyte take place, leading to the elaboration of the zona pellucida, an acellular layer rich in glycoproteins surrounding the oocyte.

43
Q

What happens to granulosa cells during the formation of primary follicles, and what influences this process?

A

granulosa cells divide and increase to 2 or more layers, forming primary follicles. This process is influenced by FSH and estrogens, with estrogens being important for the expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells.

44
Q

Describe the development of a secondary follicle.

A

under the influence of FSH and LH, the primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle. The secondary follicle expresses receptors for FSH, estrogens, and LH. Additionally, the follicular antrum appears, containing secretions from granulosa cells.

45
Q

What happens to granulosa cells under the combined influence of FSH and LH in the formation of the preovulatory follicle?

A

under the combined influence of FSH and LH, granulosa cells elaborate follicular fluid. This fluid takes up the larger portion of the preovulatory follicle, also known as the late secondary follicle, Graafian follicle, or mature follicle.

46
Q

What does follicular development lead to? (2)

A
  1. follicular atresia
  2. ovulation
47
Q

What does a ruptured follicle transform into?

A

corpus luteum

48
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone and estrogens

49
Q

What 2 cells contribute to the formation of the corpus luteum?

A

theca and granulosa cells

50
Q

When does the corpus luteum produce large amounts of progesterone and estrogens? When does it stop?

A

a few days following ovulation and stops unless implanation of fertilized ovum happens

51
Q

What does the corpus luteum transform into upon implantation?

A

corpus luteum of pregnancy

52
Q

What limits the lifespan of corpus luteum?

A

absence of implantation

53
Q

What induces luteal regression?

A

prostaglandins

54
Q

What does luteal regression decrease?

A

steroidogenesis

55
Q

What can trigger the initiation of the next reproductive cycle?

A

decrease of plasma progesterone and estrogen

56
Q

Why does the endometrium thicken prior to day one of the menstrual cycle?

A

due to estradiol

57
Q

What induces the appearance of specialized glycogen-secreting glands?

A

progesterone

58
Q

What are the levels of estradiol and progesterone when bleeding begins?

A

very low

59
Q

What reduces the blood supply in the endometrium?

A

the blood vessels constricting

60
Q

What do low estradiol and progesterone increase?

A

FSH secretion

61
Q

What do low estradiol and progesterone decrease?

A

non-steroidal ovarian inhibin

62
Q

Under the influence of what hormones do cohots of ovarian follicles develop?

A

FSH

63
Q

What does FSH stimulate to proliferate?

A

granulosa cells

64
Q

What does FSH do to the production of estrogen and granulosa cell proliferation?

A

increase

65
Q

What happens during day 8 of the menstrual cycle?

A

one follicle becomes dominant and committed to further development

66
Q

What does the dominant follicle produce increasingly more of?

A

estradiol

67
Q

What does increasing estradiol do to uterine endometrium proliferation?

A

stimulate it

68
Q

What is the endometrium by day 13?

A

very thick

69
Q

What does estradiol produce during day 13?

A

endometrial progesterone receptors

70
Q

Although moderate estradiol concentrations stimulate ___ synthesis, they inhibit ___ release.

A

LH

71
Q

Under the influence of developing follicle, ___ concentrations continue to build.

A

estrogen

72
Q

What happens during day 14 of the mestrual cycle?

A

elevated estrogen concentrations stimulate LH release

73
Q

What kind of feedback does estrogen exert?

A

negative feedback

74
Q

What does estrogen do to GnRH and LH release?

A

decrease it

75
Q

What happens to the ovary follicle at day 14?

A

it’s huge and ovum is ejected

76
Q

What do pills contain?

A

estrogen and progesterone

77
Q

What does the pill suppress the release of?

A

LH and FSH

78
Q

What happens during the luteal phase?

A

egg and corpus luteum degenerates

79
Q

How long does the luteal phase last for?

A

14 days

80
Q

What is unfertilized egg taken by at ovulation?

A

fimbria

81
Q

What stage does the egg start dividing?

A

blastocyst

82
Q

What does the blastocyst differentiate into?

A

trophoblast and inner cell mass

83
Q

What does the trophoblast become?

A

placenta

84
Q

What will form the embryo?

A

inner cell mass

85
Q

What does trophoblast start to synthesize around the time or implantation?

A

HCG

86
Q

What is the function of HCG?

A

stimulates the corpus luteum to contrinue secreting gonadal steroids

87
Q

When is the fetoplacental unit formed?

A

about 12th week of pregnancy

88
Q

What forms the biological pregnancy test?

A

HCG

89
Q

What hormone stimulates the growth of alveoli?

A

progesterone

90
Q

Why does most breast enlargement happen?

A

due to deposition under the glandular tissue

91
Q

Under which hormones does ductal and alveolar structures develop?

A

estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, human placental lactogen

92
Q

What is milk production during pregnancy controlled by?

A

prolactin

93
Q

What inhibits the secretion of milk production?

A

high estrogen levels

94
Q

After parturition, levels of estrogen ___, while levels of prolactin remain ___.

A

decrease, high

95
Q

What causes ducts to contract and cause milk ejection?

A

oxytocin

96
Q

What can be transmitted from the mother to infant through breastmilk?

A

infectious agents

97
Q

What does maintained nursing stimulate?

A

prolactin production

98
Q

What does prolactin production inhibit the secretion of?

A

FSH and LH

99
Q

If suckling is not frequent enough then ovulation and pregnancy may ___.

A

occur

100
Q

What is menopause?

A

loss of ovarian steroid production

101
Q

What does the lack of estrogen during menopause induce?

A

hot flases, dry vagina, restlessness, bone loss

102
Q

What is the most reliable indicator for onset of menopause?

A

constantly high levels of plasma FSH

103
Q

What does menopause cause cessation of?

A

ovarian steroid hormone production - eleminated - feedback loop and rise in FSH and LH

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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