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PHGY-210 > GIT - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

GIT - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the GI tract?

A

conveys food along GIT, allowing it to be broken down into small molecules which can be absorbed into the circulation

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2
Q

What are the 6 activities that happen in the GI tract?

A
  1. INGESTION
  2. SECRETION
  3. MOTILITY
  4. DIGESTION
  5. ABSORPTION
  6. DEFECATION
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3
Q

What is secretion?

A

chemical breakdown of food

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4
Q

What is motility?

A

muscular activity

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5
Q

What is digestion a property of?

A

secretion and motility

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6
Q

Is secretion endocrine or exocrine?

A

both

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7
Q

The activities of the GI tract are aimed at maintaining…

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

What is the function of GIT?

A

to turn food into absorbable molecules

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9
Q

Why is it important that the GIT turns food into absorbable molecules?

A

because it is used by cells for growth and repair as well as function and regulation

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10
Q

What % of carbohydrates can we digest?

A

99%

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11
Q

What % of fats can we digest?

A

95%

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12
Q

What % of proteins can we digest?

A

92%

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13
Q

Which 3 activities of the GIT are highly coordinated?

A

propulsive, secretory and absorptive activities

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14
Q

What 2 factors describe the GIT?

A
  1. Tubular Nature
  2. Communication with External Environment at Both Ends
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15
Q

What are the contents of the luminal cavity considered as?

A

extracellular space

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16
Q

What is the GIT length longer than?

A

the length of the human

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17
Q

What is the length of the GIT tract in a normal adult?

A

4.5 m

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18
Q

What gives the GIT its length?

A

muscle tone

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19
Q

length of internal surface area ___ length of external surface area

A

larger than

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20
Q

What makes the internal surface of the lumen longer than the external surface?

A

both invaginations (inpushings and outpushings)

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21
Q

How much larger is the lumen than the outer wall of the GIT?

A

600x

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22
Q

What is the length of the lumen equal to in an adult?

A

200-250 m^2

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23
Q

What are the primary organs of the GIT?

A
  1. mouth
  2. esophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine
  5. large intestine
  6. rectum
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24
Q

What are the secondary organs of the GIT?

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. liver and gallblader
  3. pancreas and spleen
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25
What are the 4 main layers of the GIT?
1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa
26
In some places in the GIT, the serosa is sometimes continuous with the...
peritoneum
27
What kind of tissue is the serosa?
thin, tough connective tissue
28
What are the 2 layers of muscle that make up the muscularis externa?
1. longitudinal fibers 2. circular fibers
29
Whether or not the muscle is smooth or striated depends on...
where we take a cross-section of the GIT
30
What kind of muscle makes up the muscularis externa if we take a cross-section in the esophagus and rectum?
striated muscle
31
What kind of muscle makes up the muscularis externa if we take a cross-section in the majority of the GIT?
smooth muscle
32
What happens to the GIT when longitudinal fibers contract?
it shortens
33
What happens to the GIT when circular fibers contract?
it narrows
34
What kind of tissue is the submucosa?
loose connective tissue
35
What does the submucosa contain?
lymphatics and blood vessels
36
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?
1. muscularis mucosae 2. lamina propria 3. epithelial layer
37
What kind of muscle is the muscularis mucosae?
smooth muscle
38
What kind of tissue is the lamina propria?
loose connective tissue
39
What kind of cells are found in the epithelial layer of the mucosa?
epithelial and glandular cells
40
What nervous system is a branch of the autonomic nervous system?
enteric nervous system
41
Where do all of the neurons of the enteric nervous system reside?
within the walls of the GIT
42
Does the enteric nervous system operate independent or dependently?
independent
43
What kind of system is the GIT?
integrative and independent
44
What 4 things does the ENS do to the activities of muscular and secretory and absorptive elements of the GIT?
initiates, programs, regulates, coordinates
45
What plexus is found beneath the muscularis mucosae?
submucosal plexus
46
What plexus is found beneath the circular muscle?
myenteric plexus
47
Though anatomically distrinct, the 2 plexuses of the GIT behave as ___ functional unit
one
48
What are the 2 plexuses of the GIT?
submucosal and myenteric
49
What do the plexus' of the GIT contain for reflex arcs? (3)
1. sensory neurons 2. motor/effector neurons 3. interneurons
50
Sensory neurons have receptors at the level of the...
mucosa or muscle
51
What can sensory neurons of the GIT respond to?
stretch receptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors
52
What do the motor/effector neurons activate?
secretory and muscle cells
53
What do the interneurons of the GIT connect?
sensory neurons and motor neurons to integrate signals over longer distances
54
What does the ENS consist of?
ganglion cells
55
What do ganglion cells of the ENS synapse with? (3)
1. smooth muscle cells 2. endocrine and exocrine cells 3. other ganglion cells
56
What are the 2 types of enteric neurons?
excitatory and inhibitory
57
What do excitatory enteric neurons release?
ACh
58
What do excitatory enteric neurons act on?
muscarinic receptors
59
What do inhibitory enteric neurons release?
NANC transmitters like NO
60
Where do enteric sensory fibers have cell bodies in?
in plexuses
61
Where do the sensory fibers of the enteric system get information from? (2)
gut chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
62
What is ACh blocked by?
atropine
63
What does the ultimate activity of the ENS depend on?
the algebraic sum of influences
64
What is stimulus sensed by in the gut wall?
chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptor
65
What do chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors and mechanoreceptors signal through after being activated?
nerve plexus
66
Where do the nerves go after moving through the nerve plexus?
smooth muscle or gland cell
67
Why is it called short, enteric reflexes?
made up of neurons within the enteric nervous system
68
What is the pathway of short, enteric reflexes?
1. stimulus 2. chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptor 3. nerve plexus 4. smooth muscle or gland cell 5. response
69
Where does the ENS receive modulatory input from?
the ANS
70
The ANS can only impinge on the ___ of the ENS
neurons
71
Will the CNS ever synapse on the muscles or glandular cells of the GIT?
no, it will impinge on the enteric neurons and then through the system, the muscle is activate
72
Where does parasympathetic innervation of the GIT come from?
CNS
73
Is the preganglionic innervation excitatory or inhibitory? What kind?
nicotinic excitatory
74
What do the preganglionic neurons of the CNS release on the ENS neurons?
ACh
75
Where does sympathetic innervation of the GIT come from?
CNS
76
Is the postganglionic innervation excitatory or inhibitory? What kind?
noradrenaline NA inhibitory
77
What do the postganglionic neurons of the CNS release on the ENS neurons?
NA
78
What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the GIT?
- vagus nerve - pelvic nerves (distally)
79
What nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the GIT?
- celiac ganglion - superior mesenteric ganglion - inferior mesenteric ganglion
80
Sympathetic neurons also innervate smooth muscle in blood vessels, causing ___.
vasoconstriction
81
Sensory neurons allow for "___ ___"
long reflexes
82
Parasympathetic input -> ___ of blood vessels
dilation
83
Sympathetic input -> ___ of blood vessels
constriction

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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