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PHGY-210 > GIT - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

GIT - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the GI tract?

A

conveys food along GIT, allowing it to be broken down into small molecules which can be absorbed into the circulation

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2
Q

What are the 6 activities that happen in the GI tract?

A
  1. INGESTION
  2. SECRETION
  3. MOTILITY
  4. DIGESTION
  5. ABSORPTION
  6. DEFECATION
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3
Q

What is secretion?

A

chemical breakdown of food

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4
Q

What is motility?

A

muscular activity

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5
Q

What is digestion a property of?

A

secretion and motility

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6
Q

Is secretion endocrine or exocrine?

A

both

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7
Q

The activities of the GI tract are aimed at maintaining…

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

What is the function of GIT?

A

to turn food into absorbable molecules

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9
Q

Why is it important that the GIT turns food into absorbable molecules?

A

because it is used by cells for growth and repair as well as function and regulation

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10
Q

What % of carbohydrates can we digest?

A

99%

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11
Q

What % of fats can we digest?

A

95%

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12
Q

What % of proteins can we digest?

A

92%

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13
Q

Which 3 activities of the GIT are highly coordinated?

A

propulsive, secretory and absorptive activities

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14
Q

What 2 factors describe the GIT?

A
  1. Tubular Nature
  2. Communication with External Environment at Both Ends
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15
Q

What are the contents of the luminal cavity considered as?

A

extracellular space

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16
Q

What is the GIT length longer than?

A

the length of the human

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17
Q

What is the length of the GIT tract in a normal adult?

A

4.5 m

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18
Q

What gives the GIT its length?

A

muscle tone

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19
Q

length of internal surface area ___ length of external surface area

A

larger than

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20
Q

What makes the internal surface of the lumen longer than the external surface?

A

both invaginations (inpushings and outpushings)

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21
Q

How much larger is the lumen than the outer wall of the GIT?

A

600x

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22
Q

What is the length of the lumen equal to in an adult?

A

200-250 m^2

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23
Q

What are the primary organs of the GIT?

A
  1. mouth
  2. esophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine
  5. large intestine
  6. rectum
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24
Q

What are the secondary organs of the GIT?

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. liver and gallblader
  3. pancreas and spleen
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25
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the GIT?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
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26
Q

In some places in the GIT, the serosa is sometimes continuous with the…

A

peritoneum

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27
Q

What kind of tissue is the serosa?

A

thin, tough connective tissue

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28
Q

What are the 2 layers of muscle that make up the muscularis externa?

A
  1. longitudinal fibers
  2. circular fibers
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29
Q

Whether or not the muscle is smooth or striated depends on…

A

where we take a cross-section of the GIT

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30
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the muscularis externa if we take a cross-section in the esophagus and rectum?

A

striated muscle

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31
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the muscularis externa if we take a cross-section in the majority of the GIT?

A

smooth muscle

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32
Q

What happens to the GIT when longitudinal fibers contract?

A

it shortens

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33
Q

What happens to the GIT when circular fibers contract?

A

it narrows

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34
Q

What kind of tissue is the submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue

35
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

lymphatics and blood vessels

36
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A
  1. muscularis mucosae
  2. lamina propria
  3. epithelial layer
37
Q

What kind of muscle is the muscularis mucosae?

A

smooth muscle

38
Q

What kind of tissue is the lamina propria?

A

loose connective tissue

39
Q

What kind of cells are found in the epithelial layer of the mucosa?

A

epithelial and glandular cells

40
Q

What nervous system is a branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A

enteric nervous system

41
Q

Where do all of the neurons of the enteric nervous system reside?

A

within the walls of the GIT

42
Q

Does the enteric nervous system operate independent or dependently?

A

independent

43
Q

What kind of system is the GIT?

A

integrative and independent

44
Q

What 4 things does the ENS do to the activities of muscular and secretory and absorptive elements of the GIT?

A

initiates, programs, regulates, coordinates

45
Q

What plexus is found beneath the muscularis mucosae?

A

submucosal plexus

46
Q

What plexus is found beneath the circular muscle?

A

myenteric plexus

47
Q

Though anatomically distrinct, the 2 plexuses of the GIT behave as ___ functional unit

A

one

48
Q

What are the 2 plexuses of the GIT?

A

submucosal and myenteric

49
Q

What do the plexus’ of the GIT contain for reflex arcs? (3)

A
  1. sensory neurons
  2. motor/effector neurons
  3. interneurons
50
Q

Sensory neurons have receptors at the level of the…

A

mucosa or muscle

51
Q

What can sensory neurons of the GIT respond to?

A

stretch receptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors

52
Q

What do the motor/effector neurons activate?

A

secretory and muscle cells

53
Q

What do the interneurons of the GIT connect?

A

sensory neurons and motor neurons to integrate signals over longer distances

54
Q

What does the ENS consist of?

A

ganglion cells

55
Q

What do ganglion cells of the ENS synapse with? (3)

A
  1. smooth muscle cells
  2. endocrine and exocrine cells
  3. other ganglion cells
56
Q

What are the 2 types of enteric neurons?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

57
Q

What do excitatory enteric neurons release?

A

ACh

58
Q

What do excitatory enteric neurons act on?

A

muscarinic receptors

59
Q

What do inhibitory enteric neurons release?

A

NANC transmitters like NO

60
Q

Where do enteric sensory fibers have cell bodies in?

A

in plexuses

61
Q

Where do the sensory fibers of the enteric system get information from? (2)

A

gut chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

62
Q

What is ACh blocked by?

A

atropine

63
Q

What does the ultimate activity of the ENS depend on?

A

the algebraic sum of influences

64
Q

What is stimulus sensed by in the gut wall?

A

chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptor

65
Q

What do chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors and mechanoreceptors signal through after being activated?

A

nerve plexus

66
Q

Where do the nerves go after moving through the nerve plexus?

A

smooth muscle or gland cell

67
Q

Why is it called short, enteric reflexes?

A

made up of neurons within the enteric nervous system

68
Q

What is the pathway of short, enteric reflexes?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptor
  3. nerve plexus
  4. smooth muscle or gland cell
  5. response
69
Q

Where does the ENS receive modulatory input from?

A

the ANS

70
Q

The ANS can only impinge on the ___ of the ENS

A

neurons

71
Q

Will the CNS ever synapse on the muscles or glandular cells of the GIT?

A

no, it will impinge on the enteric neurons and then through the system, the muscle is activate

72
Q

Where does parasympathetic innervation of the GIT come from?

A

CNS

73
Q

Is the preganglionic innervation excitatory or inhibitory? What kind?

A

nicotinic excitatory

74
Q

What do the preganglionic neurons of the CNS release on the ENS neurons?

A

ACh

75
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation of the GIT come from?

A

CNS

76
Q

Is the postganglionic innervation excitatory or inhibitory? What kind?

A

noradrenaline NA inhibitory

77
Q

What do the postganglionic neurons of the CNS release on the ENS neurons?

A

NA

78
Q

What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the GIT?

A
  • vagus nerve
  • pelvic nerves (distally)
79
Q

What nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the GIT?

A
  • celiac ganglion
  • superior mesenteric ganglion
  • inferior mesenteric ganglion
80
Q

Sympathetic neurons also innervate smooth muscle in blood vessels, causing ___.

A

vasoconstriction

81
Q

Sensory neurons allow for “___ ___”

A

long reflexes

82
Q

Parasympathetic input -> ___ of blood vessels

A

dilation

83
Q

Sympathetic input -> ___ of blood vessels

A

constriction

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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