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PHGY-210 > Renal - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Renal - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid-base balance
  2. removal of metabolic waste products from the blood and their excretion in the urine
  3. removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine
  4. production of hormones/enzyme
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2
Q

Are kidneys endocrine organs?

A

no

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3
Q

What 3 hormones/enzymes do the kidneys produce?

A

a) erythropoietin
b) renin
c) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

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4
Q

What does erythropoietin control?

A

erythrocyte production

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5
Q

What does renin control and influence?

A

controls: formation of angiotensin
influences: blood pressure and sodium balance

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6
Q

Renin controls ___ pressure and ___ balance.

A

blood, sodium

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7
Q

What does 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D influence?

A

calcium balance

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8
Q

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is an ___ form of vitamin D.

A

active

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9
Q

Kidneys are ___ organs.

A

paired

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10
Q

How much does a kidney weigh?

A

150 grams

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11
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

behind the peritoneum on either side of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

The outer side of the kidney is called the ___ ___ while the inner side of the kidney is called the ___ ___.

A

renal cortex
renal medulla

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13
Q

What is the space inside the kidney called?

A

the renal pelvis

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14
Q

Where is urine made into?

A

renal pelvis

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15
Q

From where in the kidney does the urine travel to go to the bladder?

A

ureter

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16
Q

What are the 2 major vascular systems coming in and out of the kidney?

A

renal artery and renal vein

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17
Q

Renal artery is a direct branch of the ___ ___.

A

descending aorta

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18
Q

Where does the renal vein drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

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19
Q

Which part of the renal artery passes through the medulla?

A

interlobar artery

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20
Q

What does the interlobal artery become when it reaches the junction between the renal cortex and renal medulla?

A

arcuate artery

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21
Q

What does the arcuate artery become when it branches out perpendicularly towards to the surface of the kidney?

A

interlobular artery

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22
Q

What does the interlobular artery give rise to?

A

afferent arteriole

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23
Q

What does the afferent arteriole give blood supply to?

A

nephron

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24
Q

Each kidney contains how many nephrons?

A

1 million

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25
Q

What 2 components does each nephron consist of?

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • tubule
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26
Q

What are the 2 components of a renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus (capillary loops)
Bowman’s capsule

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27
Q

What are capillary loops a continuation of?

A

afferent arterioles

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28
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

in the cortex

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29
Q

What does the renal corpuscle receive blood from?

A

afferent arteriole

30
Q

What is the first part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?

A

proximal tubule

31
Q

Where does the proximal tubule end?

A

in the medulla

32
Q

What is the second part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?

A

loop of Heale

33
Q

Where is the loop of Heale located?

A

in the medulla

34
Q

What is the third part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?

A

distal convoluted tubule

35
Q

Until when is the distal convoluted tubule called distal convoluted tubule?

A

until different tubes from other nephrons start to merge

36
Q

What is the final part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?

A

collecting duct system

37
Q

Where does the collecting duct system start and end?

A

start: cortex
end: medulla

38
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle always located?

A

in the cortex

39
Q

The terminal side of the loop of Heale always touches the ___.

A

Glomerulus

40
Q

What layer of Bowman’s capsule does not touch the Glomerulus?

A

parietal layer

41
Q

What layer of Bowman’s capsule touches the Glomerulus? What are they called?

A

visceral layer: podocytes

42
Q

What is the space surrounded by the parietal and visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule called?

A

Bowman’s space

43
Q

What are the cells on the distal tubule called?

A

macula densa cells

44
Q

What is the apparatus next to the Glomerulus called?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

45
Q

What 2 things make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells
  • macula densa cells
46
Q

What is the name of the cells that surround the afferent arteriole and fill the space between the afferent arteriole and distal tubule?

A

juxtaglomerular cells or renin secreting cells

47
Q

What is the function of foot processes on the podocytes?

A

they surround the capillary wall to keep the filtration barrier

48
Q

How are the foot processes connected in the Glomerular capillary wall?

A

via filtration slits

49
Q

What is the order of the Glomerular filtration barrier?

A
  1. visceral glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes)
  2. Glomerular basement membrane
  3. endothelial cells
50
Q

What kind of cells are podocytes?

A

epithelial cells

51
Q

What is the pathway of movement of filtrate in the Glomerular filtration barrier?

A
  1. through fenestra in lumen
  2. through GBM
  3. through filtration slits between foot processes
  4. Bowman’s space
52
Q

Glomerulus filters ___ to make ___.

A

blood
urine

53
Q

What are the 5 consecutive segments of the nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal tubule
  3. Henle’s loops
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
  5. Collecting duct
54
Q

What are the parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

55
Q

What are the 2 parts of the proximal tubule?

A

proximal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule

56
Q

What are the 3 parts of Henle’s loop?

A

descending thin limb
ascending thin limb
thick ascending limb

57
Q

What is the part of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

distal convoluted tubule

58
Q

What are the 2 parts of the collecting duct?

A

cortical collecting duct
medullary collecting duct

59
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries supply blood to?

A

nephron

60
Q

What are the 3 processes of urine formation?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular secretion
  3. tubular reabsorption
61
Q

The composition of fluid in Bowman’s space (after glomerular filtration) is very similar to what liquid?

A

plasma within the capillary

62
Q

What do the layers of the glomerular filtration stop the penetration of?

A

big items (RBC, WBC) and proteins

63
Q

What are you not supposed to have in urine?

A

proteins, albumin, blood cells

64
Q

Secretion is the movement of ___ ___ to the ___.

A

peritubular capillaries
tubules

65
Q

Reabsorption is the movement of ___ to the ___ ___.

A

tubules
peritubular capillaries

66
Q

Amount excreted = Amount ___ + Amount ___ - Amount ___.

A

filtered
secreted
reabsorbed

67
Q

What is an example where everything is excreted from the urine?

A

para-amino-hippurate

68
Q

What is an example where the reabsorption rate is around 99% and only 1% are excreted in the urine?

A

sodium and water

69
Q

What is an example where everything filtered is reabsorbed?

A

glucose

70
Q

The rate of filtration, reabsorption, or secretion is subject to ___ ___.

A

physiological control

71
Q

When the body content of a substance goes above or below normal, ___ mechanisms can regulate the substance’s bodily balance by changing these rates.

A

homeostatic

72
Q

If a normal person drinks a lot of water, reabsorption of water is ___ and excess water will be ___ in the urine

A

decreased
excreted

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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