Renal - Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of the kidneys?
- regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid-base balance
- removal of metabolic waste products from the blood and their excretion in the urine
- removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine
- production of hormones/enzyme
Are kidneys endocrine organs?
no
What 3 hormones/enzymes do the kidneys produce?
a) erythropoietin
b) renin
c) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
What does erythropoietin control?
erythrocyte production
What does renin control and influence?
controls: formation of angiotensin
influences: blood pressure and sodium balance
Renin controls ___ pressure and ___ balance.
blood, sodium
What does 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D influence?
calcium balance
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is an ___ form of vitamin D.
active
Kidneys are ___ organs.
paired
How much does a kidney weigh?
150 grams
Where are the kidneys located?
behind the peritoneum on either side of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall
The outer side of the kidney is called the ___ ___ while the inner side of the kidney is called the ___ ___.
renal cortex
renal medulla
What is the space inside the kidney called?
the renal pelvis
Where is urine made into?
renal pelvis
From where in the kidney does the urine travel to go to the bladder?
ureter
What are the 2 major vascular systems coming in and out of the kidney?
renal artery and renal vein
Renal artery is a direct branch of the ___ ___.
descending aorta
Where does the renal vein drain into?
inferior vena cava
Which part of the renal artery passes through the medulla?
interlobar artery
What does the interlobal artery become when it reaches the junction between the renal cortex and renal medulla?
arcuate artery
What does the arcuate artery become when it branches out perpendicularly towards to the surface of the kidney?
interlobular artery
What does the interlobular artery give rise to?
afferent arteriole
What does the afferent arteriole give blood supply to?
nephron
Each kidney contains how many nephrons?
1 million
What 2 components does each nephron consist of?
- renal corpuscle
- tubule
What are the 2 components of a renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus (capillary loops)
Bowman’s capsule
What are capillary loops a continuation of?
afferent arterioles
Where is the renal corpuscle located?
in the cortex
What does the renal corpuscle receive blood from?
afferent arteriole
What is the first part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
proximal tubule
Where does the proximal tubule end?
in the medulla
What is the second part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
loop of Heale
Where is the loop of Heale located?
in the medulla
What is the third part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
distal convoluted tubule
Until when is the distal convoluted tubule called distal convoluted tubule?
until different tubes from other nephrons start to merge
What is the final part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
collecting duct system
Where does the collecting duct system start and end?
start: cortex
end: medulla
Where is the renal corpuscle always located?
in the cortex
The terminal side of the loop of Heale always touches the ___.
Glomerulus
What layer of Bowman’s capsule does not touch the Glomerulus?
parietal layer
What layer of Bowman’s capsule touches the Glomerulus? What are they called?
visceral layer: podocytes
What is the space surrounded by the parietal and visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule called?
Bowman’s space
What are the cells on the distal tubule called?
macula densa cells
What is the apparatus next to the Glomerulus called?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
What 2 things make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
- juxtaglomerular cells
- macula densa cells
What is the name of the cells that surround the afferent arteriole and fill the space between the afferent arteriole and distal tubule?
juxtaglomerular cells or renin secreting cells
What is the function of foot processes on the podocytes?
they surround the capillary wall to keep the filtration barrier
How are the foot processes connected in the Glomerular capillary wall?
via filtration slits
What is the order of the Glomerular filtration barrier?
- visceral glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes)
- Glomerular basement membrane
- endothelial cells
What kind of cells are podocytes?
epithelial cells
What is the pathway of movement of filtrate in the Glomerular filtration barrier?
- through fenestra in lumen
- through GBM
- through filtration slits between foot processes
- Bowman’s space
Glomerulus filters ___ to make ___.
blood
urine
What are the 5 consecutive segments of the nephron?
- Renal corpuscle
- Proximal tubule
- Henle’s loops
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
What are the parts of the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
What are the 2 parts of the proximal tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule
What are the 3 parts of Henle’s loop?
descending thin limb
ascending thin limb
thick ascending limb
What is the part of the distal convoluted tubule?
distal convoluted tubule
What are the 2 parts of the collecting duct?
cortical collecting duct
medullary collecting duct
What do the peritubular capillaries supply blood to?
nephron
What are the 3 processes of urine formation?
- glomerular filtration
- tubular secretion
- tubular reabsorption
The composition of fluid in Bowman’s space (after glomerular filtration) is very similar to what liquid?
plasma within the capillary
What do the layers of the glomerular filtration stop the penetration of?
big items (RBC, WBC) and proteins
What are you not supposed to have in urine?
proteins, albumin, blood cells
Secretion is the movement of ___ ___ to the ___.
peritubular capillaries
tubules
Reabsorption is the movement of ___ to the ___ ___.
tubules
peritubular capillaries
Amount excreted = Amount ___ + Amount ___ - Amount ___.
filtered
secreted
reabsorbed
What is an example where everything is excreted from the urine?
para-amino-hippurate
What is an example where the reabsorption rate is around 99% and only 1% are excreted in the urine?
sodium and water
What is an example where everything filtered is reabsorbed?
glucose
The rate of filtration, reabsorption, or secretion is subject to ___ ___.
physiological control
When the body content of a substance goes above or below normal, ___ mechanisms can regulate the substance’s bodily balance by changing these rates.
homeostatic
If a normal person drinks a lot of water, reabsorption of water is ___ and excess water will be ___ in the urine
decreased
excreted
