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PHGY-210 > Renal - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Renal - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid-base balance
  2. removal of metabolic waste products from the blood and their excretion in the urine
  3. removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine
  4. production of hormones/enzyme
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2
Q

Are kidneys endocrine organs?

A

no

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3
Q

What 3 hormones/enzymes do the kidneys produce?

A

a) erythropoietin
b) renin
c) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

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4
Q

What does erythropoietin control?

A

erythrocyte production

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5
Q

What does renin control and influence?

A

controls: formation of angiotensin
influences: blood pressure and sodium balance

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6
Q

Renin controls ___ pressure and ___ balance.

A

blood, sodium

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7
Q

What does 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D influence?

A

calcium balance

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8
Q

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is an ___ form of vitamin D.

A

active

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9
Q

Kidneys are ___ organs.

A

paired

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10
Q

How much does a kidney weigh?

A

150 grams

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11
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

behind the peritoneum on either side of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

The outer side of the kidney is called the ___ ___ while the inner side of the kidney is called the ___ ___.

A

renal cortex
renal medulla

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13
Q

What is the space inside the kidney called?

A

the renal pelvis

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14
Q

Where is urine made into?

A

renal pelvis

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15
Q

From where in the kidney does the urine travel to go to the bladder?

A

ureter

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16
Q

What are the 2 major vascular systems coming in and out of the kidney?

A

renal artery and renal vein

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17
Q

Renal artery is a direct branch of the ___ ___.

A

descending aorta

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18
Q

Where does the renal vein drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

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19
Q

Which part of the renal artery passes through the medulla?

A

interlobar artery

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20
Q

What does the interlobal artery become when it reaches the junction between the renal cortex and renal medulla?

A

arcuate artery

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21
Q

What does the arcuate artery become when it branches out perpendicularly towards to the surface of the kidney?

A

interlobular artery

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22
Q

What does the interlobular artery give rise to?

A

afferent arteriole

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23
Q

What does the afferent arteriole give blood supply to?

A

nephron

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24
Q

Each kidney contains how many nephrons?

A

1 million

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25
What 2 components does each nephron consist of?
- renal corpuscle - tubule
26
What are the 2 components of a renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus (capillary loops) Bowman's capsule
27
What are capillary loops a continuation of?
afferent arterioles
28
Where is the renal corpuscle located?
in the cortex
29
What does the renal corpuscle receive blood from?
afferent arteriole
30
What is the first part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
proximal tubule
31
Where does the proximal tubule end?
in the medulla
32
What is the second part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
loop of Heale
33
Where is the loop of Heale located?
in the medulla
34
What is the third part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
distal convoluted tubule
35
Until when is the distal convoluted tubule called distal convoluted tubule?
until different tubes from other nephrons start to merge
36
What is the final part of the nephron starting from the Glomerulus?
collecting duct system
37
Where does the collecting duct system start and end?
start: cortex end: medulla
38
Where is the renal corpuscle always located?
in the cortex
39
The terminal side of the loop of Heale always touches the ___.
Glomerulus
40
What layer of Bowman's capsule does not touch the Glomerulus?
parietal layer
41
What layer of Bowman's capsule touches the Glomerulus? What are they called?
visceral layer: podocytes
42
What is the space surrounded by the parietal and visceral layer of Bowman's capsule called?
Bowman's space
43
What are the cells on the distal tubule called?
macula densa cells
44
What is the apparatus next to the Glomerulus called?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
45
What 2 things make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
- juxtaglomerular cells - macula densa cells
46
What is the name of the cells that surround the afferent arteriole and fill the space between the afferent arteriole and distal tubule?
juxtaglomerular cells or renin secreting cells
47
What is the function of foot processes on the podocytes?
they surround the capillary wall to keep the filtration barrier
48
How are the foot processes connected in the Glomerular capillary wall?
via filtration slits
49
What is the order of the Glomerular filtration barrier?
1. visceral glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) 2. Glomerular basement membrane 3. endothelial cells
50
What kind of cells are podocytes?
epithelial cells
51
What is the pathway of movement of filtrate in the Glomerular filtration barrier?
1. through fenestra in lumen 2. through GBM 3. through filtration slits between foot processes 4. Bowman's space
52
Glomerulus filters ___ to make ___.
blood urine
53
What are the 5 consecutive segments of the nephron?
1. Renal corpuscle 2. Proximal tubule 3. Henle's loops 4. Distal convoluted tubule 5. Collecting duct
54
What are the parts of the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus and bowman's capsule
55
What are the 2 parts of the proximal tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule
56
What are the 3 parts of Henle's loop?
descending thin limb ascending thin limb thick ascending limb
57
What is the part of the distal convoluted tubule?
distal convoluted tubule
58
What are the 2 parts of the collecting duct?
cortical collecting duct medullary collecting duct
59
What do the peritubular capillaries supply blood to?
nephron
60
What are the 3 processes of urine formation?
1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular secretion 3. tubular reabsorption
61
The composition of fluid in Bowman's space (after glomerular filtration) is very similar to what liquid?
plasma within the capillary
62
What do the layers of the glomerular filtration stop the penetration of?
big items (RBC, WBC) and proteins
63
What are you not supposed to have in urine?
proteins, albumin, blood cells
64
Secretion is the movement of ___ ___ to the ___.
peritubular capillaries tubules
65
Reabsorption is the movement of ___ to the ___ ___.
tubules peritubular capillaries
66
Amount excreted = Amount ___ + Amount ___ - Amount ___.
filtered secreted reabsorbed
67
What is an example where everything is excreted from the urine?
para-amino-hippurate
68
What is an example where the reabsorption rate is around 99% and only 1% are excreted in the urine?
sodium and water
69
What is an example where everything filtered is reabsorbed?
glucose
70
The rate of filtration, reabsorption, or secretion is subject to ___ ___.
physiological control
71
When the body content of a substance goes above or below normal, ___ mechanisms can regulate the substance’s bodily balance by changing these rates.
homeostatic
72
If a normal person drinks a lot of water, reabsorption of water is ___ and excess water will be ___ in the urine
decreased excreted

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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