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PHGY-210 > GIT - Lecture 8 > Flashcards

GIT - Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What do pancreatic lipases break down?

A

fats

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2
Q

Pancreatis lipases break down fats into what kind of molecules?

A

fatty acids, di/monoglycerides

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3
Q

Pancreatic lipase can only function under the presence of what enzyme?

A

colipase

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4
Q

What does pancreatic pro-colipase react with trypsin to form?

A

colipase

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5
Q

In addition to pancreatic lipase, what else breaks down fats into fatty acids and mono/diglycerides?

A

bile salts

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6
Q

What organ produces bile salts?

A

liver

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7
Q

Which organ is the largest gland of the body?

A

the liver

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8
Q

What are the 4 functions of the liver?

A
  • storage
  • synthesis
  • detox
  • metabolism
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9
Q

What does the liver secrete? From where?

A

bile from hepatic ducts

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10
Q

Where does bile travel?

A

in the common bile duct

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11
Q

Where is bile released?

A

into the SI at the same location as the pancreatic juice

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12
Q

What is the volume of bile produced by the liver every day?

A

0.5-1.0L/day

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13
Q

What kind of fluid is bile?

A

isotonic

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14
Q

What are the 4 main components of bile and which is the most present?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3 (most present)

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15
Q

What is the pH of liver bile?

A

7.8-8.2

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16
Q

What is the function of the pH of liver bile?

A

it helps neutralize acidic chyme

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17
Q

What are the 4 components of liver bile?

A
  1. bile acids
  2. bile pigments
  3. cholesterol
  4. phospholipids
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18
Q

What is the % of solids in liver bile?

A

3%

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19
Q

Are there digestive enzymes present in bile?

A

no

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20
Q

Bile secretion by the liver is ___.

A

continuous

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21
Q

Entrance of bile into duodenum is ___.

A

intermittent

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22
Q

What is the volume of bile entering the small intestine?

A

<500-700 mL/day

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23
Q

Why is only <500-700 mL of liver bile enter the small intestine rather than the total quantity?

A

because as the spincter of Oddi is closed, the bile salts produced by the liver have nowhere to go so they get stored in the gallbladder

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24
Q

How much fluid can the gallbladder hold?

A

50-100 mL

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25
Q

What is the % of solids in the gallbladder?

A

10-20%

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26
Q

What kind of pH is found in the gallbladder?

A

7.0-7.5

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27
Q

What is there less of in the gallbladder?

A

bicarbonate

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28
Q

What does the gallbladder do to bile salts?

A

stores and concentrates them

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29
Q

If there aren’t enough bile salts, what happens to cholesterol and phospholipids?

A

they precipitate and cause gallstones

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30
Q

Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from ___.

A

cholesterol

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31
Q

What do bile salts facilitate?

A

digestion, transport, and absorption of FAT by forming water-soluble complexes with the fats

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32
Q

What do bile salts facilitate the transport and absorption of?

A

fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

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33
Q

What kind of cells are bile salts?

A

amphipathic

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34
Q

Where do the phospholipids of cholesterol burry their hydrophobic portions?

A

in the non-polar side of the micelle

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35
Q

Bile salts help form…

A

stable emulsions

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36
Q

Most bile salt is reabsorbed into which kind of blood?

A

portal blood

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37
Q

How is most bile salt returned to the liver?

A

via enterohepatic circulation

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38
Q

The entire bile salt pool is recirculated several times a day between:

A

liver -> GIT -> liver

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39
Q

What is the positive feedback of bile salts?

A

they regulate hepatic bile flow

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40
Q

The more bile salt returned via portal blood, the ___ the volume of bile secreted

A

larger

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41
Q

What will happen to bile secretion if we removed the ileum?

A

it will decrease

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42
Q

What is the negative feedback of bile salts?

A

they regulate the synthesis of new bile salts

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43
Q

The most bile salt is returned in portal blood, the ___ the amount of new bile salt being synthesized

A

smaller

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44
Q

What will happen to bile salt synthesis if we remove the ileum?

A

the liver will produce more bile salts

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45
Q

Why is cholesterol kept in solution?

A

because it is insoluble in water

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46
Q

If cholesterol precipitates, it may give rise to ___.

A

gallstones

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47
Q

In bile, the solubility of cholesterol increases by how much?

A

2 x 10^6

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48
Q

What are the 2 intra-intestinal functions of bile salts?

A
  1. act as detergents and help form stable emulsions
  2. assist in the transport of fat and fat-soluble vitamins from SI -> intestinal cells
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49
Q

What is the intracolonic function of bile salts?

A

they inhibit Na+ transport and H2O absorption

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50
Q

Excess of what in the colon causes diarrhea?

A

bile salt

51
Q

What 2 kinds of cells are found in the pancreas?

A
  • release a large volume of juice rich in HCO3
  • release a small volume of juice rich in enzymes
52
Q

The pancreas contains cells that release a large volume of juice rich in ___

A

HCO3

53
Q

The pancreas contains cells that release a small volume of juice rich in ___

A

enzymes

54
Q

What are choleretics?

A

agents which cause the liver to secrete a large volume of bile

55
Q

What are cholagogues?

A

agents which cause an increase gallbladder emptying

56
Q

What is the Law of Reciprocal Activity?

A

if the gallbladder is contracted, the Sphincter of Oddi will be relaxed and vice versa

57
Q

Polysaccharides get broken down into disaccharides via what enzymes?

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase

58
Q

What level polysaccharides need to be broken down in order to be absorbed?

A

into monosaccharides

59
Q

Proteins get broken down into small peptides via what enzymes?

A

pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

60
Q

What do proteins need to be broken down into in order to be absorbed?

A

amino acids, di and tripeptides

61
Q

Fats are broken down into mono, diglycerides and fatty acids via which enzymes?

A

lipase, co-lipase and bile salts

62
Q

Final steps in digestion are mediated by which kind of enzymes?

A

intestinal enzymes

63
Q

Where are intestinal enzymes produced?

A

at the site where absorption will take place

64
Q

What produces intestinal enzymes?

A

mucosa

65
Q

The small intestine secretes what kind of juice?

A

intestinal juice

66
Q

What are the 3 components of intestinal juice?

A

water, mucus, ions

67
Q

What does the small intestine receive to aid digestion?

A

pancreatic juice enzymes

68
Q

What kind of enzymes does the small intestine contain?

A

brush border enzymes

69
Q

What are brush border enzymes attached to?

A

the microvilli of small intestine epithelial cells

70
Q

What does the small intestine do for mechanical digestion?

A

segmentation

71
Q

What does the small intestine do for chemical digestion?

A

chyme mixes with pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and bile

72
Q

Where does the absorption of digestion nutrients occur?

A

in the small intestine

73
Q

What allows for secretion, digestion and absorption in the small intestine?

A

increased surface area

74
Q

What is the region where the invaginations are in the small intestine?

A

crypt region

75
Q

What is the region where digestion is completed in the small intestine?

A

villus region (in the villi)

76
Q

What are the names of the cells found in the villus region that absorb all the nutrients?

A

enterocytes

77
Q

What do enterocytes have on their surface? Why?

A

microvilli where they produce the enzymes

78
Q

Crypt cells lack what kind of enzymes?

A

digestive enzymes

79
Q

What do crypt cells secrete a large volume of?

A

alkaline fluid (succus entericus)

80
Q

What is the name of the alkaline fluid produced by the crypt cells?

A

Succus Entericus

81
Q

What kind of fluid is succus entericus?

A

isotonic

82
Q

What is the pH of the succus entericus?

A

7.5-9

83
Q

Do villi secrete fluid?

A

no but they complete digestion and absorb nutrients and fluid

84
Q

Enterocytes in the villi synthesize digestive enzymes which remain where?

A

in the brush border

85
Q

What is the major enzyme produced by the small intestine?

A

enterokinase

86
Q

Where are disaccharases produced?

A

in the brush border

87
Q

What is also happening in the crypt region in addition to the production of Succus Entericous

A

rapid cell division

88
Q

Where do the cells undergoing rapid cell division in the crypt region do and go?

A

divide into the cell types that will populate the lumen

89
Q

Why is it important that there is rapid cell division in the crypt region and that it moves to the lumen?

A

because the cells in the lumen are constantly being damaged by the enzymes and wearing out because of their constant use

90
Q

In the villus, fats are absorbed via the ___.

A

lacteals

91
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

fat and protein complexes absorbed at the level of the lacteal

92
Q

Fats are processed by which system?

A

the lymphatic system

93
Q

Carbohydrates and sugars return to the liver via the ___ ___ ___.

A

hepatic portal vein

94
Q

How are carbohydrates and sugars absorbed?

A

via the capillary

95
Q

What kind of fluid are colonic secretions?

A

alkaline

96
Q

What ions are both present in the same concentration (100-150 mEq/L) in the colonic secretions?

A

HCO3 and K+

97
Q

What is there a lot of in colonic secretions?

A

mucin

98
Q

Are there any digestive enzymes of absorption of nutrients in the colon?

A

no

99
Q

What kind of activity is there a lot of in the colon?

A

bacterial activity

100
Q

What reflexes and factors regulate intestinal secretions?

A
  • local enteric reflexes
  • vago-vagal reflexes
  • hormonal factors
101
Q

How many litres are actually entering the GIT every day?

A

9 liters

102
Q

What contributes to the 9 L of fluid entering the GIT every day?

A

2 litres ingested + 7 litres secretes

103
Q

In addition to water, what is also reabsorbed from the lumen of the GIT?

A

very large quantities of ions

104
Q

How many grams of protein is released into the GIT via secretions?

A

80 g

105
Q

Most of absorption is ___.

A

reabsorption

106
Q

What are the sites of exchange characterized by?

A
  1. very large surface area of small intestine
  2. intimate contact with blood vessels
107
Q

Which GI organ is essential to life?

A

small intestine

108
Q

Why is the SI the only GI organ essential to life?

A

because the colon cannot take over nutrient absorption

109
Q

What kind of blood flow goes to the intestine?

A

postprandial

110
Q

What is the rate of flow in to intestine?

A

1-2L/min

111
Q

What does each villus have?

A

a capillary loop and lacteal

112
Q

What is the lymph flow rate?

A

1-2 mL/min

113
Q

Where is the major area of absorption of nutrients?

A

the duodenum

114
Q

What is absorbed mostly at the ileum but it produced in absorbed in small quantities throughout the small intestine?

A

ileum

115
Q

Where does vitamin B12 only have absorptive sites?

A

ileum

116
Q

How does absorption take place? (5)

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
  • pinocytosis
  • osmosis
117
Q

Water always follows the osmotic gradient generated by the movement of ___ and ___.

A

ions and nutrients

118
Q

What are the requirements for absorption?

A
  • Adequate Digestion
  • Adequate Sites for Absorption
  • Adequate Transit Time for Absorption
  • Adequate Co-factors, Transporters
119
Q

How many litres of water is absorbed by the SI?

A

7 L

120
Q

How many litres of water is absorbed by the colon?

A

2 L

121
Q

What is the maximum capacity of absorption of water from the SI?

A

15 L/day

122
Q

What is the maximum capacity of absorption of water from the colon?

A

4-5L

123
Q

Is the efficiency of the GIT high or low? Why?

A

high due to effective coordination of activities within an organ and between organs

124
Q

What is GIT transit time related to?

A

the functional activities of each organ

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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