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PHGY-210 > Respiration - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Respiration - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can we determine subdivisions of the lung volumes?

A

through spirometry

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2
Q

What is the function of a spirometer?

A

it measures volumes of inhaled or exhaled gas

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3
Q

What can spirometers measure?

A

tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume

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4
Q

What are spirometers not used to measure?

A

functional residual capacity, total lung capacity or residual volume

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5
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing

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6
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

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7
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

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8
Q

What is residual volume?

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

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9
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration

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10
Q

How can you calculate vital capacity?

A

ERV + TV + IRV

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11
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

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12
Q

How can you calculate inspiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV

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13
Q

What is function residual capacity?

A

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration

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14
Q

How can you calculate functional residual capacity?

A

RV + ERV

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15
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

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16
Q

How can you calculate total lung capacity?

A

RV + VC

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17
Q

How can you measure FRC?

A

by helium dilution

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18
Q

What is the formula for calculating the of FRC using helium dilution?

A

FRC = (C1 + V1/C2) - V1

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19
Q

What is the concentration of helium after equilibration? Why?

A

it is less concentrated because its diluted in the lungs

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20
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

the amount of air inspired into the lungs over one minute

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21
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

Ve = Tidal volume x # of breaths/minute

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22
Q

For a normal adult male, what is the normal value for minute ventilation not including anatomical dead space?

A

6000 mL/min

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23
Q

What is the normal values for tidal volume and # of breaths per minute in a normal adult male?

A

tidal volume = 500 mL
# of breaths per minute = 12

24
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

a place where air remained in conducting airwaves but does not perform gas exchange

25
Q

For a normal adult male, what is the normal value for minute ventilation including anatomical dead space?

A

4200 mL/min

26
Q

What is the volume of the anatomical dead space in an adult subject?

A

about 150 mL

27
Q

What can we use to approximate anatomical dead space since it is difficult to measure?

A

a subject’s weight in pounds

28
Q

When does alveolar dead space happen?

A

under some pathological conditions

29
Q

What happens to alveoli in alveolar dead space?

A

they receive a decreased blood supply or no blood supply at all

30
Q

What happens to inspired air when the alveoli do not receive enough blood?

A

it does not take part in gas exchange

30
Q

What is the sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space called?

A

physiolocical dead space

31
Q

What is the difference between minute and alveolar ventilation?

A

the dead space ventilation that is wasted from the gas exchange point of view

32
Q

What are the 3 types of alveolar ventilation?

A

normal ventilation, hyperventilation, hypoventilation

33
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the air?

A

PO2 = 160 mmHg
PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg

34
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?

A

PO2 = 105 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

35
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary veins and systemic arteries moving towards the cells?

A

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

36
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary arteries and systemic veins moving away from the cells?

A

PO2 = 40 mmHg
PCO2 = 46 mmHg

37
Q

What keeps PaCO2 at a constant level?

A

alveolar ventilation

38
Q

When does alveolar hyperventilation occur?

A

when more O2 is supplied and more CO2 is removed than the metabolic rate requires

39
Q

What happens to the PaO2 and the PaCO2 during alveolar hyperventilation?

A

PAO2: rises
PACO2: decreases

40
Q

What does ventilation need to be considered with?

A

metabolism

41
Q

Why do people faint during hyperventilation?

A

because the arteriole CO2 decreases which makes blood vessels constrict

42
Q

Why do we give people a paper bag to breathe into when they are hyperventilating?

A

because blowing into the bag builds int he CO2 inside of it, and breathing in the CO2 builds the pulmonary CO2 they don’t have enough of

43
Q

What happens to the PaO2 and the PaCO2 during alveolar hypoventilation?

A

PAO2: decreases
PACO2: rises

44
Q

Why does PAO2 fall below normal values during alveolar hypoventilation?

A

because the blood in the pulmonary capillary is less oxygenated

45
Q

When does alveolar hypoventilation occur?

A

when there is damage to the respiratory muscles, chronic obstructive lung disease, when the chest cage is injured and when the CNS is depressed

46
Q

How does oxygen from the alveolar gas transferred across the alveolar-capillary membrane?

A

by passive diffusion

47
Q

What is diffusion governed by?

A

Fick’s Law

48
Q

What is diffusion rate proportional to?

A

surface area (5-100 m^2)
partial pressure gradient
1/thickness (0.2 mm)

49
Q

What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the blood when it reaches the alveolar capillaries?

A

PO2: low
PCO2: high

50
Q

Where does O2 and CO2 diffuse?

A

O2: from the alveolar gas to the blood
CO2: from the blood to the alveolar gas

51
Q

In order for a gas to diffuse through a liquid…

A

it must be soluble in the liquid

52
Q

How much faster does CO2 diffuse as compared to O2?

A

20x faster

53
Q

What is the time required for equilibrium between alveolar air and capillary blood for O2 and CO2?

A

the same for the two gases

54
Q

What is the transit time of blood through pulmonary capillaries?

A

0.75 seconds at rest

55
Q

In a normal lung, within what fraction of the red blood cell transit time is diffusion of both O2 and CO2 accomplished?

A

within 1/3 of the transit time

56
Q

What happens to the diffusion time in someone who has edema? Why?

A

it decreases because the alveolar capillary membrane will be thicker due to built up liquid

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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