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A level Biology > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

state the two types of anaerobic resp.

A
  • alcoholic fermentation

- lactate fermentation

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2
Q

what are the two main similiarities between the two types of anaerobic resp. ?

A
  • occur in cytoplasm

- start at glycolysis

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3
Q

what occurs during lactate fermentation ?

A

pyruvate is converted to lactate (lactic acid) using H+ from NADH

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4
Q

how is lactate removed from the body?

A

the liver converts it back into glucose by gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

what occurs during alcoholic fermentation ?

A
  • CO2 removed from pyruvate to form ethanal

- NADH transfers H+ to ethanal forming ethanol

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6
Q

what are the four stages in aerobic respiration ?

A

glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

where does aerobic resp occur ?

A

glycolysis - cytoplasm

other 3 - mitochondria

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8
Q

what occurs during glycolysis ?

A

one molecule of glucose (6C) is split into two pyruvate molecules (3C)

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9
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen ?

A

no

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10
Q

what are the two parts of glycolysis ?

A

phosphorylation and oxidation

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11
Q

describe phosphorylation in glycolysis

A
  • glucose phosphorylated with 2 phosphates (from 2 ATP) to form hexose bisphosphate
  • then split into two molecules of triose phosphate
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12
Q

describe the oxidation in glycolysis

A
  • triose phosphate oxidised (loses hydrogen) to form 2 pyruvate molecules
  • 2 NAD form 2 reduced NADH
  • 4 ATP produced (net gain of 2)
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13
Q

what occurs during link reaction ?

A
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 formed)
  • pyruvate loses hydrogen (goes to NAD) to form acetate
  • acetate combines w/ coenzyme A
  • forms acetyl coA
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14
Q

how many link reactions occur each glucose ?

A

two

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15
Q

how many krebs cycles occur each glucose ?

A

two

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16
Q

state the steps involved with Krebs cycle in order

A

acetyl group 2C from acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate - citrate 6C - 5 carbon compound - 4 carbon compound

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17
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation ?

A

when phosphate group directly transferred to another molecule

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18
Q

what are the products of Krebs cycle ? (6)

A
  • CoA
  • oxaloacetate
  • 2 CO2
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 NADH
  • FADH2
19
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

process where energy carried by enzymes from reduced co enzymes (NADH and FADH) is used to make ATP

20
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur ?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

21
Q

what is chemiosmosis ?

A

process of ATP production driven by H+ movement across membrane moving down an ETC

22
Q

what is the total ATP made from one glucose ?

A

32

23
Q

what causes diff resp substrates to have diff energy values ?

A

abundance of hydrogen atoms per unit mass for oxidative phosphorylation (lipids contain most)

24
Q

respiratory quotient =

A

vol of CO2 produced / vol of O2 consumed

25
Q

a respiratory quotient over 1 means …

A

anaerobic resp

26
Q

outline process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria (6)

A
  1. H atom split into protons and electrons
  2. e- moves along ETC
  3. energy from e- used to pump protons
  4. electrochemical gradient formed
  5. protons move down gradient via ATP synthase (movement drives production of ATP)
  6. protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water at end of ETC
27
Q

what is oxygen said to be in chemiosmosis ?

A

the final electron acceptor

28
Q

where do protons move from / to in chemiosmosis ?

A

from mitochondrial matrix —> inter membrane space

29
Q

how many ATP per reduced NAD?

A

2.5

30
Q

how many ATP per reduced FAD?

A

1.5

31
Q

state the RQ for a carb

A

1

32
Q

state the RQ for a protein / amino acid

A

0.9

33
Q

state the RQ for lipid

A

0.7

34
Q

RQ =

A

vol of CO2 released / vol of O2 consumed

35
Q

why do lipids have highest energy value when respired ?

A
  • most ATP made in ox. phosphorylation
  • requires H atoms from coenzymes
  • lipids contain most hydrogen per unit mass
36
Q

low RQ means …

A

high level of oxygen

37
Q

RQ over 1 means …

A

short of oxygen so there is some anaerobic resp.

38
Q

why do plants tend to have low RQ ?

A

CO2 produced from respiration used straight away in photosynthesis

39
Q

where does glycolysis occur ?

A

cytoplasm

40
Q

where does link reaction occur ?

A

mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

where does Krebs cycle occur ?

A

mitochondrial matrix

42
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur ?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

43
Q

what enzyme used in krebs cycle ?

A

citrate synthase

44
Q

how many carbons in citrate ?

A

6C

A level Biology (26 decks)

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