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A level Biology > Animal responses > Flashcards

Animal responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the CNS made up of ?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system made up of ?

A

rest of neurones that connect CNS to rest of body

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3
Q

what does somatic nervous system control ?

A

conscious activities

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4
Q

what are the two functional systems of PNS ?

A

somatic and autonomic

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5
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system ?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

what is the role of the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

gets body ready for ‘fight or flight’

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7
Q

what is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

puts body into a constant normal state (rest and digest)

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8
Q

what neurotransmitter released from sympathetic nervous system neurones ?

A

noradrenaline

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9
Q

what neurotransmitter released from parasympathetic nervous system neurones ?

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

state the function of pituitary gland

A

releases hormones and stimulates other glands (e.g. adrenal)

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11
Q

state function of medulla oblongata

A

controls breathing and heart rate

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12
Q

state the function of cerebellum

A

coordinates muscles, balance and posture

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13
Q

state the function of cerebrum

A

involved in hearing, seeing, learning and thinking

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14
Q

outline the process of blinking reflex

A
  • sensory neurones (in cornea) stimulated by touch
  • impulse sent sensory -> relay -> motor
  • motor carries impulse to effector (orbicularis oculi muscles)
  • muscle contracts, closing eye
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15
Q

what is beneficial of knee jerk reflex ?

A

maintains balance and posture

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16
Q

outline the process of knee jerk reflex

A
  • stretch receptors in quadriceps detect muscle stretch
  • impulse passed sensory -> motor in spinal cord
  • motor carries to effector (quadriceps muscles)
  • muscle contracts, leg moves forward
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17
Q

how is fight or flight response initiated ?

A
  • nerve impulses from sensory neurones arrive at hypothalamus
  • hormonal and sympathetic nervous system activated
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18
Q

how is hormonal system involved in the initiation of fight or flight response ?

A
  • pituitary gland releases hormone ACTH

- ACTH causes cortex of adrenal gland to release steroidal hormones

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19
Q

how is sympathetic nervous system involved in the initiation of fight or flight response ?

A

triggers release of adrenaline from medulla of adrenal gland

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20
Q

state and explain 5 effects of adrenaline

A
  1. heart rate increased (more blood pumped)
  2. smooth muscle in airways relaxes (more oxygen)
  3. glycogenolysis (more energy)
  4. blood diverted to muscles/heart/lungs (smooth muscle contracting/relaxing)
  5. erector pili muscles contract so hairs stand (animal looks bigger)
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21
Q

involving the heart, where are baroreceptors based and what is their function

A
  • based in aorta and vena cava

- detect high / low pressure

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22
Q

involving the heart, where are chemoreceptors based and what is their function

A
  • aorta / carotid artery / medulla

- monitors oxygen / carbon dioxide / pH levels in blood

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23
Q

how does adrenaline affect the heart ?

A
  • binds to receptors in heart

- causes cardiac muscle to contract more freq. w/ more force

24
Q

Describe how high blood pressure is brought back to normal

A
  • baroreceptors detect high blood pressure
  • impulses sent -> medulla -> vagus nerve
  • acetylcholine secreted, which binds to receptors on SAN
  • heart rate slows
25
Q

Describe how low blood pressure is brought back to normal

A
  • baroreceptors detect low blood pressure
  • impulses sent -> medulla -> accelerator nerve
  • noradrenaline secreted, which binds to receptors on SAN
  • heart rate increases
26
Q

Describe how high p(O2) / pH or low p(CO2) is brought back to normal

A
  • chemoreceptors detect chemical changes
  • impulse sent -> medulla -> vagus nerve
  • ACh secreted, which binds to SAN
  • heart rate decreases
27
Q

Describe how low p(O2) / pH or high p(CO2) is brought back to normal

A
  • chemoreceptors detect chemical changes
  • impulse sent -> medulla -> accelerator nerve
  • noradrenaline secreted, which binds to SAN
  • heart rate increases
28
Q

describe / name structures of a muscle fibre

A
  • sarcolemma is the cell membrane
  • transverse tubules are folded parts of sarcolemma
  • sarcoplasm is cytoplasm
  • internal network of membranes called sarcoplasmic reticulum runs through sarcoplasm
  • lots of ATP and nuclei
29
Q

what is function of T tubules ?

A

spreads electrical impulses throughout sarcoplasm

30
Q

what is the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum ?

A

stores and releases calcium ions (voltage gated)

31
Q

what are thick myofibrils made from ?

A

protein myosin

32
Q

what are thin myofibrils made from ?

A

protein actin

33
Q

what is A-band ?

A

dark band containing thick myosin filaments w/ some overlapping thin actin filaments

34
Q

what is I band ?

A

light band containing only thin actin filaments

35
Q

what is a sarcomere ?

A

short unit of a myofibril containing A band and 2 I bands

36
Q

what is H zone ?

A

area around M line, contains only thick filaments

37
Q

describe the change in lengths of a contracted sarcomere

A
  • sarcomere shortens
  • A bands stay same
  • I bands shorten
  • H zones shorten
38
Q

what occurs w/ the filaments to cause sarcomere to contract ?

A

the filaments slide over one another

39
Q

describe binding sites of sarcomere at rest…

A

actin-myosin binding site in actin filament blocked by tropomyosin, which is held in place by troponin

40
Q

outline the process of muscle contraction (6)

A
  1. depolarisation of sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca ions
  2. Ca ions bind to troponin, causing shape change
  3. tropomyosin pulled out of binding site
  4. myosin head binds, forming actin-myosin cross bridge
  5. Ca ion activated ATPase breaks down ATP, releasing energy, which moves myosin head, pulling actin filament along
  6. myosin reattaches to diff binding site …
41
Q

state the three uses of energy from ATP in muscle contraction

A
  1. moves myosin head
  2. breaks actin-myosin cross bridge
  3. pumping calcium ions back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
42
Q

describe how muscle stops contracting

A

Ca ions leave binding site and are pumped back to sarcoplasmic reticulum — troponin return to shape — tropomyosin pulled back to block binding site
— no myosin heads attached to actin filaments — actin filaments slide back to relaxed position — sarcomeres lengthen

43
Q

what other process (other than an/aerobic respiration) generates ATP ?

A

ATP - Creatine Phosphate (CP) system

44
Q

state the equation for CP system

A

ADP + CP –> ATP + C

45
Q

what is CP system ? what is it used for ?

A
  • phosphorylating ADP w/ phosphate group from CP
  • very fast process but CP runs out fast so used for short bursts of vigorous exercise
  • anaerobic and alactic (no lactate formed)
46
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction ?

A

synapse between motor neurone and muscle cell

47
Q

what neurotransmitter is used at neuromuscular junction and what does it bind to ?

A

ACh binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors

48
Q

describe structure of skeletal muscle

A
  • made up from many muscle fibres w/ lots of nuclei

- regular cross-striations visible under microscope

49
Q

where is smooth muscle found ?

A

lining of gut, airways, blood vessels

50
Q

describe the contraction of skeletal muscle

A
  • some contract quickly (speed and strength) but fatigue fast
  • some contract slowly and fatigue slow (endurance and posture)
  • in one direction
51
Q

describe the structure of smooth muscle

A
  • one nucleus for each muscle fibre

- spindle shaped w/ pointed ends

52
Q

describe the contraction of smooth muscle

A

contract slowly so don’t fatigue

53
Q

describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A
  • muscle fibres connected by intercalated discs
  • muscle fibres branched to spread impulses
  • muscle fibres are cylinder shaped and have one nucleus
  • many mitochondrion so don’t fatigue
54
Q

describe the contraction of cardiac muscle

A
  • myogenic so contracts without nervous system

- contracts rhythmically and relatively fast

55
Q

what measures muscle fatigue ?

A

electromyogram

A level Biology (26 decks)

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