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A level Biology > Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a nucleotide made up from ?

A
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
  • phosphate group
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2
Q

name of DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

name of RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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4
Q

(simple) function of DNA

A

store genetic information

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5
Q

(simple) function of RNA

A

make proteins from the instructions in DNA

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6
Q

what is the function of a nucleotide ?

A

They are monomers that make up nucleic acids (e.g. DNA / RNA)

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7
Q

what is the sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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8
Q

name the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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9
Q

name the 4 bases in RNA

A

Adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

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10
Q

what does DNA stand for ?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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11
Q

what type of bases are adenine and guanine ?

A

purine

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12
Q

what type of bases are cytosine and thymine (uracil) ?

A

pyrimidine

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13
Q

name the two bonds in a nucleotide

A

ester bond and glycosidic bond

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14
Q

what reactions occur to make the bonds in a nucleotide

A

condensation reactions (2)

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15
Q

where is the link between nucleotides from and to?

A

phosphate and pentose group

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16
Q

Describe a purine base

A

two carbon-nitrogen rings joined together

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17
Q

Describe a pyrimidine base

A

one carbon-nitrogen ring

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18
Q

what does RNA stand for ?

A

ribonucleic acid

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19
Q

which sugar does RNA contain?

A

ribose sugar

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20
Q

what sugar does DNA contain ?

A

deoxyribose sugar

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21
Q

what type of nucleotide is ADP/ATP?

A

phosphorylated nucleotide

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22
Q

how do you phosphorylate a molecule?

A

add one or more phosphate group to it

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23
Q

what does ADP stand for ?

A

adenosine diphosphate

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24
Q

what does ATP stand for ?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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25
Q

what does ADP contain ?

A

adenine, sugar ribose, 2 phosphate groups

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26
Q

what does ATP contain ?

A

adenine, sugar ribose, 3 phosphate groups

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27
Q

function of ATP ?

A

provides energy for chemical reactions in a cell

28
Q

how is ATP synthesized ?

A

ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) using energy from respiration

29
Q

how is energy stored / released with ATP ?

A

stored in phosphate bond, which is broken to form ADP and Pi (energy is released)

30
Q

what is the link between nucleotide molecules called ?

A

phosphodiester bond

31
Q

what is sugar-phosphate backbone ?

A

chain of sugars and phosphates in polynucleotides

32
Q

describe a phosphodiester bond

A

phosphate group and two ester bonds

33
Q

what are excess purines broken down to ?

A

uric acid (in the liver)

34
Q

how is uric acid harmful ?

A

is insoluble and forms crystals in joints if there is too much in the blood

35
Q

How is a double helix formed ?

A

two DNA polynucleotide strands join together between bases (anti parallel) and twist

36
Q

what type of bonding is between bases ?

A

Hydrogen bonding

37
Q

how many bonds between G - C

A

3 bonds

38
Q

how many bonds between A -T

A

2 bonds

39
Q

what word to use when talking about bases

A

complementary base pairing

40
Q

Describe DNA purification experiment

A
  1. break up cells
  2. make solution of detergent, salt and distilled water
  3. add 1 and 2 together in water bath at 60’C for 15 mins
  4. cool in ice bath, filter into new tube
  5. add protease enzymes
  6. slowly add cold ethanol down side of tube
  7. DNA will form white suspension
41
Q

why is salt needed in DNA purification experiment

A

binds to DNA and causes it to clump together

42
Q

why is detergent needed in DNA purification experiment

A

breaks down cell membrane

43
Q

why is high temp needed for DNA purification experiment

A

should stop enzymes in cells from working properly and breaking down the DNA

44
Q

what is the function of DNA helicase ?

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between two polynucleotide DNA strands (unzipping the helix) during DNA replication

45
Q

during DNA replication, what happens once helix is unzipped ?

A
  • free floating DNA nucleotides join to exposed bases on each template strand
  • new strand nucleotides join, sugar phosphate backbone formed, H-bonds form, strands twist (double helix)
46
Q

what joins the new strand nucleotides in DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

47
Q

what type of copying is DNA replication ?

A

semi - conservative replication ( 1 new strand, 1 original strand )

48
Q

what happens if DNA base sequence is changed ?

A

mutation occurs

49
Q

what is a gene ?

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide

50
Q

what determines the order of amino acids ?

A

order of nucleotide bases in a gene

51
Q

which is the longer molecule … DNA or RNA ?

A

DNA

52
Q

what is the difference in helix between DNA and RNA ?

A

DNA - double helix

RNA - single helix

53
Q

what codes for 1 amino acid ?

A

1 codon, which is made up from 3 nucleotide bases

54
Q

where is DNA located ?

A

only the nucleus

55
Q

why can DNA not move out of the nucleus ?

A

too large

56
Q

what is transcription ?

A

copying section of DNA into mRNA

57
Q

what is translation ?

A

mRNA joins with a ribosome, where it is used to synthesize a protein

58
Q

Describe messenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • made in nucleus
  • three adjacent bases (codon)
  • carries genetic code from DNA in nucleus to ribosome
59
Q

Describe transfer RNA (tRNA)

A
  • in cytoplasm
  • has amino acid binding site one end, anticodon on other end
  • carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation
60
Q

Describe ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A
  • forms 2 sub units in a ribosome

- helps catalyse formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

61
Q

what three things is genetic code described as ?

A

non - overlapping / degenerate / universal

62
Q

what does it mean that genetic code is non - overlapping ?

A

each base triplet is read in sequence

63
Q

what does it mean that genetic code is degenerate ?

A
  • more possible combinations of triplets than amino acids so…
  • some used for start / stop
  • some amino acids have several combinations
64
Q

what does it mean that genetic code is universal ?

A

same base triplet codes for same amino acid for all living organisms

65
Q

outline process of transcription

A
  1. RNA pol attaches to DNA and breaks H bonds
  2. RNA pol lines up free nucleotides w/ compl base pair
  3. RNA pol moves along DNA, separating strands, assembling mRNA strand
  4. H bonds of DNA reform once RNA pol passes
  5. stop codon reaches, detaches, mRNA moves out of nucleus
66
Q

outline process of translation

A
  1. mRNA attaches to ribosome, tRNA carries aas
  2. tRNA w/ anticodon compl to start codon of mRNA attaches
  3. 2nd tRNA attaches …
  4. rRNA catalyses formation of peptide bonds
  5. continues until stop codon, polypeptide chain moves away

A level Biology (26 decks)

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