Classification and evolution

Question 1

what is classification ?

Answer 1

grouping together similar organisms

Question 2

what is the study of classification called ?

Answer 2

taxonomy

Question 3

what are the 8 levels of classification in order ?

Answer 3

domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

Question 4

what are the 5 kingdoms ?

Answer 4

prokaryotae / protoctista / fungi / plantae / animalia

Question 5

give example of prokaryotae

Answer 5

bacteria

Question 6

give examples of protoctista

Answer 6

algae / protozoa

Question 7

what is the naming system in classification called ?

Answer 7

binomial system

Question 8

where does the first part of classification name come from ?

Answer 8

genus name (begins with capital letter) - Homo

Question 9

where does the second part of classification name come from ?

Answer 9

species name (lower case) - sapiens

Question 10

what must you do with classification name ?

Answer 10

italics / underlined

Question 11

what is phylogeny ?

Answer 11

the study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Question 12

what is cladistics ?

Answer 12

classifying organisms into groups, with phylogeny being taking into account

Question 13

name 4 evidences for how closely related organisms are

Answer 13

• molecular evidence (proteins and DNA)
• embryological evidence (early stages of development)
• anatomical evidence (structure and function of body parts)
• behavioral evidence (behavior and social organisation)

Question 14

what are the three domains of classification ?

Answer 14

eukarya / archaea / bacteria

Question 15

which organisms go into the eukarya domain ?

Answer 15

any that’s cells contain a nucleus

Question 16

what is interspecific variation ?

Answer 16

variation between species

Question 17

what is intraspecific variation ?

Answer 17

variation within species

Question 18

what is continuous variation ?

Answer 18

variation varies within a range (height)

Question 19

what is discontinuous variation ?

Answer 19

variation is in distinct categories with no intermediate (blood groups)

Question 20

what does a normal distribution graph look like ?

Answer 20

bell - shaped (mound) and is symmetrical about the mean

Question 21

what is standard deviation a measure of ?

Answer 21

the spread of values about the mean

Question 22

what does it mean if the mean is written as 9+-3

Answer 22

mean is 9 / standard deviation is 3 / so most values are spread between 6 and 12

Question 23

a small standard deviation means ..

Answer 23

little variation

Question 24

what is behavioral adaptation ?

Answer 24

ways an organisms acts that increase its chance of survival

Question 25

what is physiological adaptation ?

Answer 25

processes inside an organism’s body that increase its chance of survival

Question 26

what is anatomical adaptation ?

Answer 26

structural features of an organism that increase its chance of survival

Question 27

describe marsupial mammals

Answer 27

• short gestation period (pregnancy)

- don’t develop a full placenta

Question 28

give an example of a marsupial mammal

Answer 28

kangaroo (born early in development, develop in mother’s pouch)

Question 29

describe placental mammals

Answer 29

• longer gestation period
• develop a full placenta
• born more fully developed

Question 30

give an example of a placental mammal

Answer 30

human

Question 31

give the similarities of marsupial and placental moles

Answer 31

small eyes - no need to see underground
internal ears - keep streamlined head for burrowing
powerful paws + claws - digging
tube shaped body + cone shaped head

Question 32

when was ‘Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection’ published ?

Answer 32

1859

Question 33

what were the 4 observations Darwin made ?

Answer 33

• organisms produce more offspring than survive
• variation in characteristics of same species
• some characteristics can be passed on
• individuals that are best adapted are more likely to survive

Question 34

State 3 defining features of the domain Eukarya

Answer 34

• contain nucleus
• contain linear DNA
• 8os ribosomes

Question 35

Suggest two ways in which the scientific community validate research

Answer 35

Scientific meetings and peer review

Question 36

State 3 reasons why domain system is now used instead of kingdom system

Answer 36

• 3 domains fit phylogeny better
• all eukaryotes have a nucleus
• archea and bacteria have different rRNA

Question 37

What is the type of nutrition for prokaryotes and protocists?

Answer 37

Heterotrophic and autotrophic

Question 38

state the 3 evidences for theory of evolution

Answer 38

• fossil record
• DNA evidence
• molecular evidence

Question 39

how do fossil records support theory of evolution ?

Answer 39

gradual changes in organisms can be observed

Question 40

how does DNA evidence support theory of evolution ?

Answer 40

closely related organisms that diverged more recently will have more similar DNA

Question 41

how does molecular evidence support theory of evolution ?

Answer 41

closely related organisms that diverged more recently will have more similar molecules (antibodies/proteins..)

Question 42

give an example of natural selection that can be observed recently

Answer 42

pesticide resistance of insects

Question 43

How does fossil evidence support the idea of evolution ?

Answer 43

• show organism change over time
• fossils can be dated
• shows intermediate forms

Question 44

describe 3 characteristics of continuous variation

Answer 44

1. no defined categories
2. range of values
3. quantitative (has to be measured)

Question 45

what word to remember when talking about variation

Answer 45

GENETIC variation

Question 46

what is the animal kingdom that starts w/ pro… ?

Answer 46

protoctist

Question 47

describe 3 characteristics of discontinuous variation

Answer 47

1. qualitative
2. discrete categories
3. few genes