Classification and evolution Flashcards
what is classification ?
grouping together similar organisms
what is the study of classification called ?
taxonomy
what are the 8 levels of classification in order ?
domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species
what are the 5 kingdoms ?
prokaryotae / protoctista / fungi / plantae / animalia
give example of prokaryotae
bacteria
give examples of protoctista
algae / protozoa
what is the naming system in classification called ?
binomial system
where does the first part of classification name come from ?
genus name (begins with capital letter) - Homo
where does the second part of classification name come from ?
species name (lower case) - sapiens
what must you do with classification name ?
italics / underlined
what is phylogeny ?
the study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms
what is cladistics ?
classifying organisms into groups, with phylogeny being taking into account
name 4 evidences for how closely related organisms are
- molecular evidence (proteins and DNA)
- embryological evidence (early stages of development)
- anatomical evidence (structure and function of body parts)
- behavioral evidence (behavior and social organisation)
what are the three domains of classification ?
eukarya / archaea / bacteria
which organisms go into the eukarya domain ?
any that’s cells contain a nucleus
what is interspecific variation ?
variation between species
what is intraspecific variation ?
variation within species
what is continuous variation ?
variation varies within a range (height)
what is discontinuous variation ?
variation is in distinct categories with no intermediate (blood groups)
what does a normal distribution graph look like ?
bell - shaped (mound) and is symmetrical about the mean
what is standard deviation a measure of ?
the spread of values about the mean
what does it mean if the mean is written as 9+-3
mean is 9 / standard deviation is 3 / so most values are spread between 6 and 12
a small standard deviation means ..
little variation
what is behavioral adaptation ?
ways an organisms acts that increase its chance of survival
what is physiological adaptation ?
processes inside an organism’s body that increase its chance of survival
what is anatomical adaptation ?
structural features of an organism that increase its chance of survival
describe marsupial mammals
- short gestation period (pregnancy)
- don’t develop a full placenta
give an example of a marsupial mammal
kangaroo (born early in development, develop in mother’s pouch)
describe placental mammals
- longer gestation period
- develop a full placenta
- born more fully developed
give an example of a placental mammal
human
give the similarities of marsupial and placental moles
small eyes - no need to see underground
internal ears - keep streamlined head for burrowing
powerful paws + claws - digging
tube shaped body + cone shaped head
when was ‘Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection’ published ?
1859
what were the 4 observations Darwin made ?
- organisms produce more offspring than survive
- variation in characteristics of same species
- some characteristics can be passed on
- individuals that are best adapted are more likely to survive
State 3 defining features of the domain Eukarya
- contain nucleus
- contain linear DNA
- 8os ribosomes
Suggest two ways in which the scientific community validate research
Scientific meetings and peer review
State 3 reasons why domain system is now used instead of kingdom system
- 3 domains fit phylogeny better
- all eukaryotes have a nucleus
- archea and bacteria have different rRNA
What is the type of nutrition for prokaryotes and protocists?
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
state the 3 evidences for theory of evolution
- fossil record
- DNA evidence
- molecular evidence
how do fossil records support theory of evolution ?
gradual changes in organisms can be observed
how does DNA evidence support theory of evolution ?
closely related organisms that diverged more recently will have more similar DNA
how does molecular evidence support theory of evolution ?
closely related organisms that diverged more recently will have more similar molecules (antibodies/proteins..)
give an example of natural selection that can be observed recently
pesticide resistance of insects
How does fossil evidence support the idea of evolution ?
- show organism change over time
- fossils can be dated
- shows intermediate forms
describe 3 characteristics of continuous variation
- no defined categories
- range of values
- quantitative (has to be measured)
what word to remember when talking about variation
GENETIC variation
what is the animal kingdom that starts w/ pro… ?
protoctist
describe 3 characteristics of discontinuous variation
- qualitative
- discrete categories
- few genes
