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A level Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

define biodiversity

A

the variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

define species

A

group of similar organisms able to reproduce fertile offspring

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3
Q

define habitat

A

the area inhabited by a species (biotic + abiotic factors)

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4
Q

define habitat diversity

A

the number of different habitats in an area

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5
Q

define species diversity

A

the number of different species and abundance of each species in an area

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6
Q

define genetic diversity

A

the variation of alleles within a species (e.g. dog breeds)

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7
Q

define species richness

A

number of diff species in an area

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8
Q

define species evenness

A

abundance of each species in an area

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9
Q

sum up the 4 step sampling process:

A
  • chose area (within habitat)
  • count no. of individuals of each species (method varies)
  • repeat in diff areas
  • use results to estimate value
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10
Q

name the sample counting method for plants

A

quadrat

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11
Q

name the sample counting method for flying insects

A

sweep net

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12
Q

name the sample counting method for ground insects

A

pitfall trap

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13
Q

name the sample counting method for aquatic animals

A

net

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14
Q

how could you make sampling random ?

A

random number generator to select coordinates

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15
Q

what are the three on-random sampling methods?

A

systematic / opportunistic / stratified

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16
Q

describe systematic sampling

A

samples taken from fixed intervals along a transect

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17
Q

describe opportunistic sampling

A

samples chosen by investigator (simple but data will be bias)

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18
Q

what is a transect ?

A

line placed across a habitat

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19
Q

describe stratified sampling

A

when different areas in habitat identified and sampled in proportion to whole habitat

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20
Q

when a habitat has evenly distributed species, it is said to have …

A

high species evenness

21
Q

Simpson’s index of diversity is a value between …

A

0 and 1

22
Q

the closer Simpson’s index of diversity is to 1 …

A

the more diverse the habitat

23
Q

what does n stand for in Simpson’s index of diversity ?

A

number of individuals of one species

24
Q

whats does N stand for in Simpson’s index of diversity ?

A

number of organisms of all species

25
Q

give an example of populations with low genetic diversity

A

animals in captivity (isolated populations)

26
Q

How is human population growth decreasing global biodiversity ? (4 reasons)

A
  • habitat loss (deforestation)
  • over exploitation (resources used faster than replenished)
  • urbanaisation (cities isolate species)
  • pollution (kills species/habitats)
27
Q

what is mono culture ?

A

growing of a single variety of a single crop

28
Q

How is increased mono culture decreasing global biodiversity ? (3 reasons)

A
  • habitats lost for land
  • naturally occurring plants / animals thought as pests / weeds so killed
  • heritage varieties of crops lost
29
Q

how is climate change affecting biodiversity ?

A

changes in conditions may lead to habitat becoming unsuitable for species, causing either migration or extinction

30
Q

what does it mean that organisms in an ecosystem are interdependent ?

A

they depend on each other to survive

31
Q

give two examples of organisms being interdependent

A 
food chains 
nutrient cycles (less worms in soil reduces quality, affecting plant growth + animal food)
32
Q

what are keystone species ?

A

species that other species depend on in ecosystems and without the ecosystem would change dramatically

33
Q

what are the 3 most common keystone species ?

A

predators - regulating prey numbers
modifiers - maintain environment (beavers building dams)
hosts - plants that provide environment (trees)

34
Q

give 4 reasons for maintaining biodiversity:

A
  • protect species
  • maintain genetic resources
  • reduce soil depletion
  • aesthetic / tourism
35
Q

how does continuous mono culture increase soil depletion ?

A

uses up all the nutrients in the soil as crops crops are being planted constantly

36
Q

what does in situ conservation mean ?

A

on site conservation (in natural habitat)

37
Q

Give the 5 methods of in situ conservation:

A
  • establish protected areas (restrictions on urban/industrial development and farming)
  • controlling species that threaten biodiversity
  • protecting habitats
  • promoting particular species (e.g. protecting food sources)
  • legal protection to endangered species
38
Q

give the advantage of in situ conservation

A

both the species and habitat are conserved

39
Q

give the disadvantage of in situ conservation

A

difficult to control some factors (poaching/predators/disease/climate change)

40
Q

what does ex situ conservation mean ?

A

off site conservation (not natural habitat)

41
Q

Give the 4 methods of ex situ conservation:

A
  • relocating to safer area
  • breeding organisms in captivity then reintroduce them into wild when adult
  • botanic gardens for rare plants
  • seed banks
42
Q

give the advantages of ex situ conservation

A
  • can protect endangered animals in a controlled environment
  • reintroduce species that have left an area
43
Q

give the disadvantages of ex situ conservation

A
  • only a small number of individuals can be cared for
  • difficult and expensive to sustain right environment
  • more likely to catch disease
  • many species can’t adapt / breed in new environment
44
Q

give the aims of Rio Convention on Biological diversity (CBD)

A
  • aims to develop international strategies on conservation of biodiversity and use of animal/plant resources in sustainable way
45
Q

give the actions of Rio Convention on Biological diversity (CBD)

A
  • made it international law that it’s everyone’s responsibility to conserve biodiversity
  • provides guidance to governments on conservation
46
Q

whats is Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) an agreement of ?

A

agreement designed to increase international cooperation in regulating trade in wild animal and plant specimens

47
Q

give the actions of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

A
  • agreed to make the killing of endangered species illegal
  • limits trade through licensing
  • illegal to trade products from endangered species
  • raises awareness through education
48
Q

Give the aims of The Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CCS)

A

conserve wildlife and biodiversity

improve and extend wildlife habitats

49
Q

Give the action of The Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CCS)

A

government makes 10-year agreements to pay landowners who followed management techniques

A level Biology (26 decks)

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