Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level Biology > Past paper stuff > Flashcards

Past paper stuff Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is yeast means of cell division

A

budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is bacterium means of cell division

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

does yeast have a nucleus ?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the material in cell wall of bacterium ?

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

are ribosomes present in plants and yeast ?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name two types of cells found in phloem

A
  • companion cell

- sieve element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why do single celled organisms not need specialized gas exchange systems ?

A

very small organism with large SA:Vol ratio, so diffusion pathway is short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the process of expelling substances from cells called ?

A

exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

state function of smooth muscle in lungs

A

constrict / reduce diameter of airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why must cells be stained ?

A

to increase contrast and make cells visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the roles of cytoskeleton

A
  • supports cell
  • moves cilia / flagella
  • exo / endocytosis
  • moves organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name one organelle structure present in animals and not in plants

A

centriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe how hydrogen carbonate ions are produced in erythrocytes

A
  • CO2 diffuses into RBC and combines with water
  • with carbonic anhydrase enzyme, carbonic acid is produced
  • this dissociates into H+ and HCO3 - ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does Bohr shift reduce amount of oxygen transported ?

A
  • reduces affinity for oxygen

- CO2 alters shape of haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in vascular bundle, which is on top / bottom ?

A

top - xylem

bottom - phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is ultra structure ?

A

the detailed structure of cells that is visible only with an electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how are guard cells adapted for their role

A
  • unevenly thickened cell wall

- able to change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what to remember to mention with xylem walls ?

A

lignin and pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what tissue has cilia ?

A

ciliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how are alveoli adapted ?

A
  • elastic (recoil) which helps ventilation
  • large no. of them (high SA)
  • surfactant
  • 1 cell thick (squamous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does surfactant do in lungs ?

A

reduces surface tension of fluid and makes alveoli more stable (prevents collapsing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why must fetal haemoglobin have high affinity for oxygen ?

A

must be able to bind to oxygen at low partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what to remember with enzyme / substrate ?

A
  • active site

- induced fit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what to remember when describing enzyme graphs ?

A
  • collisions w/ active site

- Vmax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what word to use when describing enzyme in high pH

A

denature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the bonds in cellulose ?

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why is lock + key / induced fit described as models ?

A

it is a representation of the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why is induced fit now more accepted that lock + key ?

A

supported by more evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe translation in 5 steps

A
  • mRNA moves to ribosome
  • tRNA has anticodon complementary to codon
  • tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon
  • specific amino acid attaches to tRNA
  • repeat with rRNA catalysing peptide bond formation between amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a gene is a section of DNA that codes for the production of a …

A

polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

state how glucose is suited for its function :

A
  • soluble (transport)
  • easily broken down to release energy
  • small (transport between membranes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where are glyco lipids/proteins situated with membrane ?

A

sticking out of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

state three functions of membranes of membranes within cells

A
  • separate contents from cytoplasm
  • form vesicle / organelle
  • site for enzyme attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does cholesterol do to cell membrane ?

A

stabilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the model of the cell membrane called ?

A

fluid mosaic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

describe route water takes through cell membranes

A
  • channel proteins

- passes between lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

two things you can do to make experiment more reliable …

A
  • calculate a MEAN

- identify anomalous results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

state the order of the cardiac myogenic muscle cycle

A

SAN – R&L atria contract – AVN – bundle of His – Purkyne tissue – R&L ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the haemoglobin equation ?

A

Hb + 4O2 – HbO8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

why are phagocytes described as secondary defense ?

A

defense after pathogen has entered body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

why are phagocytes considered non specific ?

A

target a range of different pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

why must influenza vaccine change every year ?

A
  • different strains of the pathogen mutate
  • antigens change
  • antibodies have no effect on changed antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

why are antibiotics not used on viruses ?

A

not effective on viruses (only effective on bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

define transpiration

A

loss of water VAPOUR from leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

define transpiration stream

A

movement of water from roots to leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is systole ?

A

contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is diastole ?

A

relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

why does pressure decrease between blood vessels ?

A
  • lumen size increases

- no. of vessels increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what stain for TEM ?

A

heavy metal

50
Q

what stain for SEM ?

A

reflective metal

51
Q

“pumped” is an expression for what ?

A

active transport

52
Q

“pumps” are …

A

carrier proteins

53
Q

what is pinocytosis ?

A

cell taking in liquid by “endocytosis”

54
Q

what are the two ways to xylem from roots ?

A
  • apoplast (through cell walls)

- symplast (through cytoplasm + plasmodesmata)

55
Q

what forces water into symplast ?

A

casparian strip (at the endodermis)

56
Q

what substance does casparian strip contain ?

A

suberin (waterproof so water forced into cytoplasm)

57
Q

how does water leave the leaf ?

A

water vapor diffuses out

58
Q

what is ficks law ?

A

(SA x difference in conc) / thickness of membrane

59
Q

define parasite

A
  • lives in host
  • feeds from host
  • harms host
60
Q

simply describe budding

A
  • vesicle forms on surface of cell
  • organelles + chromosomes duplicate (mitosis)
  • organelles … move to bud
  • bud pinches off
61
Q

how is plasmodium spread ? what cell does it latch on to ?

A

mosquito / erythrocytes

62
Q

what to remember when describing antibody structure ?

A

light / heavy chains

63
Q

how do antibodies “neutralise” pathogens

A
  • cover binding site
  • bind to toxins
  • prevent binding to host cell
64
Q

how can phagocytes pass through capillary walls ?

A
  • histamines make leaky

- lobed nucleus allows change in shape

65
Q

how is TB spread ?

A

droplets

66
Q

name the infective agent that cases TB

A

mycobacterium

67
Q

what causes low income to have higher disease ?

A
  • overcrowded
  • poor ventilation
  • poor diet
  • less treatment available
68
Q

give function of phospholipid bi layer

A

act as barrier

69
Q

define cell signalling

A

communication between cells to trigger a response

70
Q

when drawing chromosomes… remember …

A

to draw centro meres

71
Q

state function of elastic fibers in alveoli

A

stretch + recoil to force air out

72
Q

what to remember when describing inspiration / expiration …

A

below / above atmospheric pressure

THORAX vol / pressure

73
Q

what is the role of Atrioventricular node ?

A

delays impulse + sends impulse down to bundle of His

74
Q

describe features of artery walls …

A
  • no valves
  • endothelium folded
  • elastic tissue
  • smooth muscle
75
Q

why is lignin needed ?

A
  • strengthen
  • keep tube open
  • waterproof
76
Q

describe the term resolution

A

closest 2 points can be and be distinguished as separate, giving clarity of image, so can see detail

77
Q

why lignin structured in a spiral ?

A

allows for flexibility

78
Q

give function of pits in xylem

A
  • allows water to move between vessels

- supply water to cells / tissues

79
Q

water moves through which way most… apoplast / symplast ?

A

apoplast

80
Q

name the co factor for amylase

A

chloride

81
Q

name the co factor for carbonic anhydrase

A

zinc ions

82
Q

why is their residual volume ?

A
  • thorax cannot be fully compressed

- trachea have cartilage

83
Q

what type of variation occurs at metaphase 1 ?

A

independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

84
Q

what type of variation occurs at metaphase 2 ?

A

independent assortment of chromatids

85
Q

what type of variation occurs at prophase 1 ?

A

crossing over between chromatids

86
Q

how does crossing over create variation ?

A

genetic material is swapped, giving a new combination of alleles

87
Q

how do gametes give variation ?

A

diff gametes with diff genetic makeup fuse

88
Q

what type of fatty acid do animals have ?

A

saturated - solid

89
Q

what type of fatty acid do plants have ?

A

unsaturated - liquid

90
Q

name the three tunicas

A

intima / intermediate / adventitia

91
Q

give the two functions of lignin

A
  • strengthen cell wall

- waterproofing

92
Q

what to remember for resolution definition…

A

gives detail

93
Q

what are the pits for in the xylem?

A

allows water to pass through

94
Q

suggest two processes inside cells that rely on cytoskeleton

A
  • cytokinesis

- movement of RNA

95
Q

how do things move by the cytoskeleton ?

A
  • move along micro filaments/tubules

- uses ATP

96
Q

Explain fetal haemoglobin (4)

A
  • higher affinity for O2
  • takes up O2 at lower pO2
  • placenta has low pO2
  • haem dissociates in placenta
97
Q

name two medical conditions linked with obesity

A
  • type 2 diabetes

- coronary heart disease

98
Q

what to say instead of signal when talking about the heart

A

impulse

99
Q

what is diastole ?

A

relaxation

100
Q

what is systole ?

A

contraction

101
Q

specify the collisions when talking about enzymes

A

collisions w/ active site

102
Q

when talking about neurotransmitters travelling, what word must use ?

A

diffuse

103
Q

state reasons for importance of synapses

A
  • ensures impulses travels one direction
  • allows summation
  • integration
  • permits learning / memory
  • filters out low level stimuli
104
Q

what word to use instead of broken down ??

A

HYDROLYSE

105
Q

outline process of how enzyme breaks down substrate

A
  • sub binds to compl. shape of active site
  • induced fit
  • enzyme complex forms
  • enzymes puts strain on bonds
  • enzyme product forms
  • product leaves active site
106
Q

what shape are globular / fibrous ?

A

globular - spherical

fibrous - linear

107
Q

what does low Simpson’s index of diversity show ?

A
  • dominant species

- habitat unstable

108
Q

what is phylogeny and how is it related to classification ?

A
  • relationship between history of organisms

- basis of classification

109
Q

what is function of recognition region in antibody ?

A

allows for recognition for phagocytes

110
Q

what does an antibody bind to ?

A

pathogen antigen

111
Q

how do antibodies neutralise toxins ?

A
  • block binding site on pathogen
  • binds to toxins
  • prevents pathogen from binding to host cells
112
Q

state 5 specific roles that sympathetic and parasympathetic oppose

A

heart rate / breathing rate / airways diameter / pupil diameter / peristalsis

113
Q

where are hormones produced in mammals / plants ?

A

endocrine glands / plant tissues

114
Q

other than chemiosmosis, what is the process that produces ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation (removing phosphate from a compound)

115
Q

how to spell diafram

A

diaphragm

116
Q

endocrine secretes ..

A

into blood

117
Q

exocrine secretes …

A

into ducts that lead to target tissues

118
Q

pluripotent stem cells are …

A

embryo stem cells (can differentiate to any)

119
Q

multipotent stem cells are …

A

adult stem cells (can differentiate to some)

120
Q

define sister chromatid

A

identical copies of the same chromosome

A level Biology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions