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A level Biology > Heart stuff > Flashcards

Heart stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of circulatory system do fish have ?

A

single

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2
Q

what type of circulatory mammals do fish have ?

A

double

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3
Q

what type of circulatory system do insects have ?

A

open

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4
Q

what is the difference between single / double circulatory system ?

A

single - blood passes through heart once for each complete circuit of body, double passes twice

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5
Q

describe the circulation of blood in fish

A

heart pumps blood to gills, then to rest of the body

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6
Q

what to remember when labeling heart …

A

left is right, right is left

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7
Q

what is the pulmonary system ?

A

blood moving to / from the heart and lungs

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8
Q

what is the systemic system ?

A

blood moving to / from the heart and the rest of the body

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9
Q

what is the advantage of mammals having double circulatory system ?

A

blood gets extra push between lungs and rest of body, blood travels faster, oxygen delivered faster

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10
Q

what is a closed circulatory system ?

A

blood is enclosed inside blood vessels

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11
Q

what is an open circulatory system ?

A

blood isn’t enclosed in blood vessels (all the time), instead flows freely through body cavity

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12
Q

Describe how an open circulatory system works

A
  • heart is segmented, and contracts in waves, pumping blood into a single main artery
  • artery opens up into body cavity
  • blood flows around organs, and makes it back to heart segments through valves
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13
Q

what does the blood of an insect supply ?

A

its nutrients / hormones … (not oxygen)

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14
Q

what system in an insect supplies its oxygen ?

A

tracheal system

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15
Q

where do arteries carry blood from / to ?

A

from heart / to rest of body

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16
Q

describe the structure of walls of arteries and how it helps function

A
  • thick muscular walls, with elastic tissue to stretch and recoil, which helps maintain high pressure
  • endothelium is folded, allowing arteries to expand (maintain high pressure)
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17
Q

what is the endothelium ?

A

the inner lining

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18
Q

what type of blood do arteries carry ?

A

oxygenated (except pulmonary, which takes deoxygenated to lungs)

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19
Q

what are arterioles ?

A

small branches of arteries

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20
Q

describe the structure of walls of arterioles and how it helps function

A
  • less elastic tissue than arteries

- have smooth muscle, which allows to expand / contract, thus control amount of blood flowing through

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21
Q

describe the structure of walls of capillaries and how it helps function

A
  • one cell thick for quick diffusion (glucose / oxygen)
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22
Q

what are venules ?

A
  • formed from capillaries
  • thin walls with some muscle cells
  • join to form veins
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23
Q

where do veins take blood from / to ?

A

from respiring tissues / to heart

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24
Q

describe the structure of walls of veins and how it helps function

A
  • wide lumen (so low pressure)
  • pocket valves prevent back flow
  • blow flow helped by contraction of surrounding body muscles
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25
Q

what type of blood do veins carry ?

A

deoxygenated (except pulmonary veins)

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26
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

fluid surrounding cells (consists of substances that leave the plasma e.g. oxygen / water / nutrients)

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27
Q

how do substances move out of the capillaries ?

A

pressure filtration

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28
Q

Describe the movement of fluid at start of capillary bed

A

fluid forced out of capillaries and into spaces around cells - due to higher hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries than in tissue fluid

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29
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure ?

A

liquid pressure

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30
Q

Describe the movement of fluid at end of capillary bed

A

water re-renters capillaries by osmosis - due to low water potential in capillaries - due to fluid loss and high oncotic pressure

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31
Q

what is oncotic pressure ?

A

pressure generated by plasma proteins which lower the water potential

32
Q

what is lymph?

A

excess tissue fluid that passes into lymph vessels

33
Q

what substances are in tissue fluid ?

A

water / dissolved substances / (very few) white blood cells / (very few) proteins

34
Q

what substances are in lymph ?

A

white blood cells / antibodies (protein) / water / dissolved substances

35
Q

why are red blood cells / plasma proteins not in tissue fluid ?

A

too big to fit through capillary walls

36
Q

when would white blood cells enter tissue fluid ?

A

when there’s an infection

37
Q

when would platelets be in tissue fluid ?

A

capillaries are damaged

38
Q

do tissue fluid and lymph have higher or lower water potential than blood ?

A

higher

39
Q

where do lymph vessels lead to ?

A

thorax

40
Q

what special structure feature do lymph vessels have ?

A

valves

41
Q

what valves link the atria and the ventricles ?

A

atrioventricular valves

42
Q

what valves link the ventricles and the pulmonary artery / aorta ?

A

semi - lunar valves

43
Q

if there’s a high pressure behind a valve, what does it do ?

A

forced open

44
Q

if there’s a low pressure behind a valve, what does it do ?

A

forced shut

45
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

ongoing sequence of contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles to keep blood continuously circulating

46
Q

what is the lub sound from the lub-dub sound caused by ? (heart)

A

atrioventricular valves closing

47
Q

what is the dub sound from the lub-dub sound caused by ? (heart)

A

semi-lunar valves closing

48
Q

what does it mean that cardiac muscle is myogenic ?

A

contracts and relaxes without receiving signals from nerves

49
Q

where is the sino-atrial node ? (SAN)

A

wall of right atrium

50
Q

what does the SAN do ?

A

sets the rhythm of the heart beat by sending out regular waves of electrical activity to atrial walls - causing both atria to contract at same time

51
Q

what is the machine that records electrical activity in heart called ?

A

electrocardiograph

52
Q

what happens to electrical charge of heart when it contracts ?

A

depolarizes (loses charge)

53
Q

what happens to electrical charge of heart when it relaxes ?

A

repolarizes (regains charge)

54
Q

what does an electrocardiograph use ?

A

electrodes placed on the chest

55
Q

what is the trace produced by an electrocardiograph called ?

A

electrocardiogram / ECG

56
Q

what are the letters of an electrocardiogram ?

A

PQRST

57
Q

what is the P wave caused by ?

A

contraction of the atria

58
Q

what is the QRS complex ? what is it caused by ?

A

main peak of heartbeat, caused by contraction of ventricles

59
Q

what is the T wave caused by ?

A

relaxation of ventricles

60
Q

what is a tachycardia heart beat ?

A

fast heartbeat (over 120bpm)

61
Q

what is a bradycardia heart beat?

A

slow heartbeat (less 60bpm)

62
Q

what is an ectopic heartbeat and what is it caused by ?

A

‘extra’ heartbeat, caused by early contraction of atria / ventricles

63
Q

what is a really irregular heartbeat called ?

A

fibrillation

64
Q

what is an irregular heart beat caused by ?

A

atria / ventricles lose their rhythm and stop contracting properly

65
Q

what can irregular heartbeat result in ?

A

chest pain / fainting / death

66
Q

what does a tachycardia heartbeat suggest at rest ?

A

heart isn’t pumping blood efficiently

67
Q

what does affinity for oxygen mean ?

A

tendency to combine with oxygen

68
Q

state the path of the signal for a heart beat

A

SAN - (atrium) - AVN - bundle of His - Purkyne tissue - (ventricle)

69
Q

what is the haemoglobin + oxygen equation?

A

Hb + 4O2 — HbO8

70
Q

high pO2 means …

A

high [O2]

71
Q

high affinity for oxygen means …

A

more readily combines with oxygen - high saturation

72
Q

low affinity for oxygen means …

A

releases oxygen rather than combine - low saturation

73
Q

how does carbon dioxide affect haemoglobin ?

A

Hb offloads oxygen more readily at higher p(CO2)

74
Q

what happens to carbon dioxide and water in erythrocytes ?

A
  • combine to form carbonic acid (catalyst - carbonic anhydrase)
  • carbonic acid dissociates to H+ and HCO3- ions
75
Q

what happens to the H+ ions in erythrocytes ?

A

Increase in H+ causes HbO8 to offload oxygen to take up H+ ions
HAEMOGLOBINIC ACID formed

76
Q

what happens to the HCO3- ions in erythrocytes ?

A
  • HCO3- diffuses into blood plasma
  • ## Cl- ions diffuse in to maintain charge balance (chloride shift)
77
Q

how are HCO3- and H+ removed from body?

A
  • recombine at low pCO2 in lungs w/ water to form carbon dioxide
  • breathed out

A level Biology (26 decks)

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