Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level Biology > Disease and Immune > Flashcards

Disease and Immune Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a disease ?

A

condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a communicable disease ?

A

disease that can be spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what organism does ring rot affect ?

A

potatoes, tomatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what organism does black sigatoka affect ?

A

banana plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what organism does bacterial meningitis affect ?

A

just humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name the three bacterial diseases

A

TB / bacterial meningitis / ring rot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the three virus diseases

A

HIV / influenza / tobacco mosaic virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name the three fungus diseases

A

black sigatoka / ringworm / athlete’s foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name the three protocist diseases

A

potato blight / malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what several ways can direct transmission occur ?

A

droplet inflection / sexual intercourse / touching infected organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give examples of pathogens which use direct transmission

A
  • HIV (sex)

- athlete’s foot (touch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is indirect transmission ?

A

disease is transmitted via an intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the intermediates for indirect transmission

A

air / water / food / vector (another organism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give examples of pathogens which use indirect transmission

A
  • potato blight (spores in air, then water)

- malaria (mosquito as vectors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the three factors that affect disease transmission ?

A

living conditions climate / social factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does skin protect from pathogens ?

A
  • acts as physical barrier

- produces antimicrobial chemicals that lower pH, inhibiting pathogen growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does mucous membranes protect from pathogens ?

A

(exposed areas) - secrete mucus which traps pathogens and contains antimicrobial enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does blood clotting protect from pathogens ?

A

plug wounds, preventing pathogen entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does expulsive reflexes protect from pathogens ?

A

expels foreign objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is inflammation characterized as ?

A

redness / swelling / heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what triggers inflammation ?

A

when tissue is damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens when tissue is damaged ?

A

mast cells are activated - releasing histamines and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do histamines do ?

A
  • dilate blood vessels, increasing heat at damage site, stops pathogens reproducing
  • increases permeability of capillary walls to let neutrophils to pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do cytokines do ?

A

attract white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name some plant physical defences against pathogens

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • cell walls
  • callose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe how callose defends plants from pathogens

A
  • callose deposited between cell wall and membrane in times of stress
  • callose makes it harder for pathogen to enter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

name some plant chemical defences against pathogens

A
  • produce antimicrobial chemicals to kill / inhibit growth of pathogen
  • secrete chemicals that are toxic for insects to reduce plant viruses carried by insect vectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the two types of phagocytes ?

A

neutrophil and macro phage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a phagosome ?

A

pathogen enclosed in a membrane in a phagocyte

30
Q

what is a phagolysosome ?

A

lysosome fused with a phagosome

31
Q

phagocytes are …

A

non - specific

32
Q

what is special about macrophages ?

A

they keep some of pathogens antigens, which they attach to the glycoproteins MHC

33
Q

what does MHC stand for ?

A

major histocompatibility complex

34
Q

what does MHC do ?

A
  • moves to plasma membrane of macrophage and puts antigens into membrane
  • cell is now antigen - presenting
35
Q

what does antigen - presenting mean ?

A

‘shows’ antigens to cells of specific immune system (lymphocytes), activating them

36
Q

what are opsonins ?

A
  • bind to pathogens and identify them to phagocytes

- most are antibodies / immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes

37
Q

define natural immunity

A

occurs naturally without medical treatment

38
Q

what processes do T lymphocytes undergo ?

A

clonal selection + clonal expansion

39
Q

what is clonal selection ?

A
  • antigen (from APCs) binds to complementary receptors of T lymphocyte
  • (T lymphocytes are specific)
40
Q

what is clonal expansion ?

A

divides to produce clones of itself

41
Q

what is function of T helper cells ?

A

release substances (interleukins) to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells

42
Q

what is function of T killer cells ?

A

attach and kill cells infected with a virus

43
Q

what is function of T regulatory cells ?

A
  • suppress immune response from other WBCs

- this helps stop immune system cells attacking host’s body cells

44
Q

what do some T lymphocytes become… ?

A

memory cells

45
Q

how are B lymphocytes activated ?

A
  • complementary antigen binds to antibodies on lymphocyte (antigen-antibody complex)
  • interleukins released from T helper cells binds to B lymphocyte receptors
46
Q

what happens to B lymphocytes once activated ?

A

divide by mitosis into plasma cells / memory cells

47
Q

what is the function of plasma cells ?

A

secrete antibodies

48
Q

what are the three things antibodies do ?

A

agglutinate / neutralise toxins / prevent pathogen from binding to human cells

49
Q

what does it mean that antibodies agglutinate pathogens ?

A
  • has two binding sites, so can bind to two, causing them to clump
  • means phagocytes can engulf multiple at a time
  • this antibodies are known as agglutinins
50
Q

why is primary response slow ?

A
  • not many B lymphocytes ready to make antibodies
51
Q

what cells are activated in primary response ?

A

B and T lymphocytes

52
Q

what cells are activated in secondary response ?

A

memory cells

53
Q

what is the nucleus + cytoplasm of a neutrophil described as ?

A

multi - lobed + grainy

54
Q

what does a lymphocyte look like ?

A

small, nucleus takes up most of cell

55
Q

what is the biggest white blood cell called ?

A

monocyte

56
Q

what is an autoimmune disease ?

A

immune system treats self antigens as foreign, and launches an immune response against its own tissue

57
Q

what is herd immunity ?

A

vaccinating most people in a community

58
Q

what is immunization ?

A

process by which you develop immunity

59
Q

what is vaccination ?

A

administration of antigens

60
Q

why are booster vaccines given later ?

A

to make sure memory cells are produced

61
Q

why does the influenza vaccine change every year ?

A

antigens of influenza changes regularly, so will not be recognized by memory cells

62
Q

give function of variable region in antibody

A

antigen binding site

63
Q

give function of constant site in antibody

A

binding site to receptors of phagocytes

64
Q

give function of disulfide bridge in antibody

A

holds polypeptide chains together

65
Q

give function of hinge region in antibody

A

allows flexibility when binding

66
Q

state the 4 differences between active and passive immunity

A
  • active requires exposure to antigens (passive doesn’t)
  • active takes for protection to develop, active is immediate
  • active is long term, passive is short term
  • active memory cells produced, passive there aren’t
67
Q

define health

A

disease free, good nutrition, physical mental social well being

68
Q

what to say with growth of bacteria

A

multiply / divide not growth

69
Q

what is irradiation

A

way of destroying pathogen DNA

70
Q

what is pickling

A

lower pH to denature pathogen enzymes

71
Q

increased fats cause

A

stroke

A level Biology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions