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A level Biology > exchange and transport > Flashcards

exchange and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

how are substances exchanged in single-celled organisms

A

substances diffuse directly into / out of cell

diffusion is quick due to small distance

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2
Q

why do multi cellular organisms need transport systems

A
  • large distance between cells
  • large distance between cells and outside environment
  • low surface area to volume ratio
  • higher metabolic rate so use oxygen / glucose fast
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3
Q

Describe structure and function of root hair cell

A 
Absorbs water (osmosis) and mineral (nitrate) ions (active transport)
Millions of microscopic hairs on a single branch to increase surface area - increase rate of absorption
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4
Q

what are alveolus made from?

A

single layer of thin flat cells : alveolar epithelium

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5
Q

Describe gas exchange in the alveoli

A

Oxygen diffuses out of alveolar space into blood

Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveolar space

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6
Q

Describe the blood supply to each alveoli

A

Each alveoli has its own blood supply due to the surrounding capillary network

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7
Q

Describe blood supply / ventilation of fish gills

A
  • fish gills contain large network of capillaries to keep blood supply high
  • well ventilated (fresh water constantly passing)
    Both help maintain concentration gradient of oxygen
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8
Q

Describe the where air goes when you breath in (4)

A
  1. air enters trachea
  2. trachea splits into two bronchi
  3. each bronchus branches off into bronchioles (small tubes)
  4. bronchioles end in alveoli (gas exchanged)
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9
Q

name the 3 things that work together to move air in/out

A
  • rib cage
  • intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
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10
Q

what is a goblet cell ?

A

cell in the lungs that secretes mucus

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11
Q

why is mucus needed in the lungs ?

A

traps microorganisms and dust particles in air, preventing them from reaching alveoli

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12
Q

what does cilia do in the lungs?

A

moves mucus upward towards the throat, where its swallowed - this helps prevent lung infections

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13
Q

what do elastic fibres in the lungs do ?

A

help with the process of breathing out - elastic fibres stretch when breathing in, then the fibres recoil, pushing air out

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14
Q

what does smooth muscle do in the lungs?

A

controls diameter of tubes (e.g. trachea) - during exercise they relax, widening the tubes, meaning less resistance to airflow

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15
Q

why are there rings of cartilage in the walls of the trachea and brochi ?

A

provides support (strong and flexible) so that they don’t collapse when breathe in and pressure drops

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16
Q

describe cartilage in trachea

A

large C - shaped pieces

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17
Q

describe cartilage in bronchi

A

smaller pieces

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18
Q

Describe inspiration (6)

A
  1. external intercostal and diaphragm contract
  2. rib cage moves up and out
  3. diaphragm flattens
  4. = volume of thorax is increased
    5 lung pressure decreases
  5. air flows into lungs
19
Q

why does inspiration require energy and expiration doesn’t ?

A

inspiration is an active process, respiration is a passive process

20
Q

Describe expiration

A
  1. external intercostal and diaphragm relax
  2. rib cage moves down and in
  3. diaphragm becomes curved
  4. = volume of thorax decreases
  5. air pressure increases
  6. air forced out of lungs
21
Q

how can expiration be forced ?

A

internal intercostal muscles contract, pulling rib cage down and in

22
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A

vol of air in each breath at rest - usually 0.4dm3

23
Q

what is vital capacity ?

A

max vol of air that can breathed in / out

24
Q

what is breathing rate ?

A

breaths per (time) - usually bpm

25
Q

what is oxygen uptake ?

A

rate at which an organism uses up oxygen

e.g. dm3 / min

26
Q

what is residual volume ?

A

vol of air remaining in lungs after exhalation

27
Q

what is dead space ?

A

air in bronchioles, bronchi and trachea (no gas exchange)

28
Q

what is inspiratory reverse volume ?

A

vol of extra air breathed in over tidal vol

29
Q

what is expiratory reverse volume ?

A

vol of extra air exhaled over tidal vol

30
Q

what is ventilation rate ?

A

vol of air inhaled in specific time

31
Q

Describe the counter-current system in fish

A
  • blood flows in gills opposite direction to water, which maintains high conc gradient (Oxygen conc in water higher so it diffuses into blood)
32
Q

How are fish adapted for ventilation ?

A
  • high surface area on gills
  • gill plates have lots of blood capillaries
  • thin surface layer of cells
  • large conc gradient (counter-current)
33
Q

What causes the gills to have a large surface area ?

A

Each gill made from thin branches called gill filaments. Gill filaments covered in tiny structures call gill plates.

34
Q

What are gills supported by ?

A

gill arches

35
Q

how many types of bronchioles are there ?

A

3 ( larger / smaller / smallest )

36
Q

which lung parts don’t have smooth muscle ?

A

smallest bronchiole / alveoli

37
Q

which lung parts have elastic fibres ?

A

all of them

38
Q

which lung parts have goblet cells ?

A

trachea / bronchi / larger bronchiole

39
Q

which lung parts don’t have cilia ?

A

smallest bronchiole / alveoli

40
Q

what is the purpose of the soda lime in the spirometer

A

absorbs carbon dioxide

41
Q

why must fish have special adaptations for getting enough oxygen ?

A

lower oxygen conc in water than air

42
Q

outline how water is drawn in of fish mouth

A
  • mouth opens
  • lowers floor of buccal cavity
  • vol increases, pressure decreases
  • water sucked into cavity
43
Q

outline how water is drawn out of of fish mouth

A
  • mouth closes
  • raises floor of buccal cavity
  • vol decreases, pressure increases
  • operculum forced open
  • water leaves out of gills
44
Q

what is the operculum ?

A

bony flap covering gills

A level Biology (26 decks)

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