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A level Biology > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

name 5 processes in plants that need energy

A

photosynthesis / active transport / DNA replication / cell division / protein synthesis

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2
Q

name 6 processes in animals that need energy

A

muscle contraction / body temp / active transport / DNA replication / cell division / protein synthesis

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3
Q

define metabolic pathway

A

a series of small reactions controlled by enzymes (like photosynthesis)

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4
Q

define phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate to a molecule

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5
Q

define photolysis

A

splitting of a molecule using light energy

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6
Q

define phtophosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule using light

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7
Q

define hydrolysis

A

splitting of a molecule using water

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8
Q

define decarboxylation

A

removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule

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9
Q

define dehydrogenation

A

removal of hydrogen from a molecule

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10
Q

Define autotroph

A

Organism that makes its own nutrients using inorganic carbon source

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11
Q

Define heterotroph

A

Organism that requires organic nutrients to supply with a source of carbon

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12
Q

What does NADP stand for ?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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13
Q

What is good about photosystem 1?

A

Doesn’t require water and generates energy

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14
Q

what is a coenzyme ?

A

a molecule that aids the function of an enzyme

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15
Q

what is the coenzyme in photosynthesis ?

A

NADP

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16
Q

where does photosynthesis take place ?

A

chloroplasts

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17
Q

what is the double membrane of the chloroplast called ?

A

chloroplast envelope

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18
Q

what is a thylakoid ?

A

fluid filled sac in the chloroplast

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19
Q

what is a granum ? (grana)

A

a stack of thylakoid

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20
Q

what links the grana together in the chloroplast ?

A

thylakoid membranes called lamellae

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21
Q

give examples of photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b / carotene

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22
Q

what are photosynthetic pigments ?

A

coloured substances that absorb light

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23
Q

what does a photo system contain ?

A

primary and accessory pigment (attached to a protein)

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24
Q

what are primary pigments ?

A

reaction centers, where electrons are excited

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25
Q

what are accessory pigments ?

A

make up light-harvesting systems, which transfer light energy to reaction centers (energy for electron excitement)

26
Q

what wavelength light does photo system 1 absorb?

A

700 nm

27
Q

what wavelength light does photo system 2 absorb?

A

680 nm

28
Q

what is the stroma ?

A

gel like substance in chloroplast (similar to cytoplasm)

29
Q

what does the stroma contain ?

A

enzymes, sugars, organic acids

30
Q

describe DNA of chloroplast

A
  • chloroplasts have their own DNA
  • found in stroma
  • circular
31
Q

what happens to carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis ?

A

stored as starch grains in stroma

32
Q

where do the light-dependent reactions take place ?

A

thylakoid membranes

33
Q

where does the light-independent reaction take place ?

A

stroma

34
Q

what are the products of light dependent stage ?

A

ATP, NADPH and oxygen as a waste product

35
Q

what happens during the electron passing through the electron transport chain ?

A
  • passes between proteins
  • Redox reactions
  • energy released from the electron
  • photo phosphorylation
36
Q

For photo system 2, where does the electron come from ?

A

photolysis (splitting of water)

H2O — 2e- + 2H+ + O

37
Q

For photo system 1, where does the electron come from ?

A

photo system 2

38
Q

where is the electron most excited ?

A

electron acceptor

39
Q

where does the hydrogen for the reduction of NADP come from ?

A

photolysis

40
Q

what is another name for the light independent stage ?

A

calvin cycle

41
Q

what starts the calvin cycle ?

A

carbon dioxide entering through the stroma

42
Q

summaries the fixation stage of Calvin cycle

A

carbon dioxide is fixed (incorporated into a organic molecule)

43
Q

summaries the reduction stage of Calvin cycle

A

GP is reduced to TP by adding H+ from NADPH

44
Q

summaries the regeneration stage of Calvin cycle

A

RuBP is regenerated from recycled TP using energy from ATP

45
Q

how many turns in calvin cycle to make 1 glucose ?

A

6

46
Q

state the full name for GP

A

Glycerate 3-phosphate

47
Q

state the full name for TP

A

Triose phosphate

48
Q

state the full name for RuBP

A

Ribulose bisphosphate

49
Q

state the steps in fixation stage

A
  • CO2 converted to intermediate compound using rubisco

- decomposes to 2x GP

50
Q

state the steps in reduction stage

A

2x GP — 2x TP using energy from ATP and H+ from NADPH

51
Q

state the steps in regeneration stage

A

5/6th of TP used to regenerate RuBP using energy

52
Q

what is the other 1/6th of TP used for ?

A

make glucose / amino acids / other carbs / lipids

53
Q

what colour do the pigments absorb in chlorophyll ?

A

red and blue

54
Q

name the enzymes in photosynthesis

A

RuBisCo and ATP synthase

55
Q

how does temp affect photosynthesis :

A
  • enzymes
  • stomata close ( less CO2 )
  • may damage thylakoid membranes
  • may damage chloroplast envelope (enzymes released)
  • may damage chlorophyll ( reduce amount of pigment that can absorb light )
56
Q

how does increasing CO2 conc to above 0.4% affect photosynthesis ?

A

stomata will start to close, reducing rate

57
Q

what is the saturation point ?

A

point where a factor is no longer a limiting factor

58
Q

what are the 3 things that light energy is used for in light dependent stage

A
  1. photo phosphorylation (making ATP)
  2. reducing NADP
  3. photolysis
59
Q

what does granum contain ?

A

enzymes, sugars, organic acids

60
Q

where does light dependent reaction take place ?

A

thylakoid membrane

61
Q

where does calvin cycle take place ?

A

stroma

A level Biology (26 decks)

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