respiration

Question 1

Boyle’s law

Answer 1

in a closed system, air pressure and volume are inversely proportional; P1V1=P2V2

Question 2

when volume of lungs increase, air pressure ___; leading to ____

Answer 2

decreases; inhalation

Question 3

when volume of lungs decrease, air pressure ___; leading to___

Answer 3

increases; exhalation

Question 4

what principle explains how changes in thoracic cavity volume affect air movement during respiratory cycle?

Answer 4

Boyle’s Law

Question 5

the principle of equalization of pressure

Answer 5

air flows from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure

Question 6

during inhalation, lung volume __, creating a pressure ___ than atmospheric pressure, causing ____ (where does air go?)

Answer 6

increases; lower; air to flow into lungs

Question 7

during exhalation, lung volume ___; creating a pressure ___ than atmospheric pressure, causing ___ (where does air go?)

Answer 7

decrease; higher; air to be expelled

Question 8

the principle of equalization of pressure ensures _______ in the lungs, maintaining the respiratory process

Answer 8

efficient air exchange

Question 9

what is known as negative-pressure breathing?

Answer 9

muscles of the thorax alter lung volume to move air which creates a vacuum for inhalation

Question 10

the thoracic muscles are located

Answer 10

in the region between the abdomen inferiorly and the root of the neck superiorly

Question 11

what do the thoracic muscles do?

Answer 11

increase and decrease lung volume, leading to air movement for pressure equalization

Question 12

500 mL of air in a person’s lungs at beginning of inhalation & pressure is 1 atm; increases to 700 mL

Answer 12

(500/700)=0.714atm

Question 13

tidal breathing

Answer 13

regular, relaxed breathing characterized by a rhythmic pattern: 40% for inhalation, 60% for exhalation

Question 14

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 14

small volume of air exchanged during each breath

Question 15

how much Tidal volume for males vs females?

Answer 15

0.5L vs 0.4L

Question 16

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 16

maximum volume of air exchanged through breathing; consists of TV, IRV, and ERV

Question 17

Vital Capacity in males vs females

Answer 17

4-5L vs 3-4L

Question 18

Tidal Volume vs Vital Capacity

Answer 18

TV is small volume of air exchanged through breathing; Vital Capacity is maximum volume of air exchanged through breathing

Question 19

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 19

max. air inhaled after tidal inspiration

Question 20

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 20

max. air expelled after tidal expiration

Question 21

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 21

volume in the lungs after a normal exhalation (ERV+RV); represents relaxation volume of lungs

Question 22

residual volume (RV)

Answer 22

air remaining in lungs after forceful exhalation; this air cannot leave lungs

Question 23

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 23

sum of VC and RV

Question 24

Total lung capacity in males vs females

Answer 24

~5-6L in males; ~4-5L in females

Question 25

speech breathing

Answer 25

uses 25-70% of Vital capacity; inspiration time shorter, expiration time longer

Question 26

speech breathing vs quiet breathing ratio of inhalation vs exhalation

Answer 26

10-90% vs 50-50%

Question 27

lungs (what and location)

Answer 27

primary respiration organs, in thorax on either side of heart; composed of spongy tissue filled with alveoli

Question 28

what are the lungs encased in?

Answer 28

pleura, a double-layered membrane

Question 29

inner layer of pleura called

Answer 29

visceral pleura

Question 30

outer layer of pleura called

Answer 30

parietal pleura

Question 31

visceral pleura adheres to __; parietal pleura lines ___

Answer 31

lungs; chest wall

Question 32

what is in the pleural space between the inner and outer layers of the pleura?

Answer 32

pleural fluid

Question 33

advantage of pleural fluid?

Answer 33

allows lungs to move smoothly during breathing

Question 34

advantage of double layered pleura instead of rigid connection between lungs and ribcage

Answer 34

can breathe properly in different postures and positions due to flexibility of pleural configuration

Question 35

smaller side of lungs on which side of body?

Answer 35

left side (where heart is)

Question 36

___ extends down to lungs and splits between them

Answer 36

the trachea

Question 37

journey of the air to lungs

Answer 37

-trachea -left/right main bronchus -bronchioles (smaller branches of bronchi; smooth muscles) -alveolar ducts (smaller tubes than bronchioles) -alveolar sacs (at end of alveolar ducts; clusters of alveoli) -alveoli

Question 38

T/F: trachea and left/right main bronchus are cartilage

Answer 38

true

Question 39

alveoli

Answer 39

tiny air sacs within lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood; tiny balloon-like structures

Question 40

what does the main job of breathing?

Answer 40

the diaphragm

Question 41

inhalation occurs when muscles __; exhalation occurs when muscles __

Answer 41

contract; relax

Question 42

which one is the active process: inhalation or exhalation?

Answer 42

inhalation is active

Question 43

what does the diaphragm separate?

Answer 43

the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Question 44

T/F: diaphragm is all muscle

Answer 44

false; it is most important muscle for inhalation but also includes the Central Tendon

Question 45

the Central Tendon

Answer 45

tough, flat sheet of tendon at core of diaphragm; -transmits force generated by diaphragm's muscular contractions; enables diaphragm to flatten and move downwards during inhalation

Question 46

advantage of the Central Tendon

Answer 46

helps squeeze lungs more efficiently cuz they are tougher and less cushiony than muscle tissues

Question 47

accessory muscles (what? examples)

Answer 47

support the diaphragm during forceful or deep inhalation; external intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 48

accessory muscles of inhalation (forceful or deep inhalation) include

Answer 48

external intercostal muscles & sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 49

external intercostal muscles

Answer 49

elevate ribs, expand chest wall and increases thoracic volume

Question 50

inter-costal

Answer 50

between ribs

Question 51

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Answer 51

raise the sternum; contributes to increase in thoracic volume

Question 52

exhalation involves

Answer 52

relaxation of the diaphragm and the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall

Question 53

muscles active in active exhalation

Answer 53

-abdominal muscles (Rectus Abdominis, External and Internal Obliques, Transversus Abdominis) -internal intercostal muscles

Question 54

abdominal muscles include

Answer 54

rectus abdominis, external and interal obliques, transverse abdominis

Question 55

external abdominal oblique runs in the ___ direction than the internal abdominal oblique

Answer 55

opposite

Question 56

external intercostal muscles vs internal intercostal muscles

Answer 56

external for inhalation; internal for active exhalation

Question 57

chest breathing vs diaphragmatic breathing (belly breathing)

Answer 57

chest moving up and down vs belly moving up and down; chest muscles vs diaphragmatic muscles

Question 58

rectus abdominis

Answer 58

Six pack; at the front

Question 59

external obliques

Answer 59

Side and front of abdomen

Question 60

internal obliques

Answer 60

Right under external obliques running in opposite direction

Question 61

transverse abdominis

Answer 61

Innermost abdominal muscles; wraps around spine for stability and protection

Question 62

Order of abdominal muscles from most external to most internal

Answer 62

external obliques, rectus abdominis, internal obliques, transverse abdominis