respiration Flashcards
Boyle’s law
in a closed system, air pressure and volume are inversely proportional; P1V1=P2V2
when volume of lungs increase, air pressure ___; leading to ____
decreases; inhalation
when volume of lungs decrease, air pressure ___; leading to___
increases; exhalation
what principle explains how changes in thoracic cavity volume affect air movement during respiratory cycle?
Boyle’s Law
the principle of equalization of pressure
air flows from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure
during inhalation, lung volume __, creating a pressure ___ than atmospheric pressure, causing ____ (where does air go?)
increases; lower; air to flow into lungs
during exhalation, lung volume ___; creating a pressure ___ than atmospheric pressure, causing ___ (where does air go?)
decrease; higher; air to be expelled
the principle of equalization of pressure ensures _______ in the lungs, maintaining the respiratory process
efficient air exchange
what is known as negative-pressure breathing?
muscles of the thorax alter lung volume to move air which creates a vacuum for inhalation
the thoracic muscles are located
in the region between the abdomen inferiorly and the root of the neck superiorly
what do the thoracic muscles do?
increase and decrease lung volume, leading to air movement for pressure equalization
500 mL of air in a person’s lungs at beginning of inhalation & pressure is 1 atm; increases to 700 mL
(500/700)=0.714atm
tidal breathing
regular, relaxed breathing characterized by a rhythmic pattern: 40% for inhalation, 60% for exhalation
Tidal Volume (TV)
small volume of air exchanged during each breath
how much Tidal volume for males vs females?
0.5L vs 0.4L
Vital Capacity (VC)
maximum volume of air exchanged through breathing; consists of TV, IRV, and ERV
Vital Capacity in males vs females
4-5L vs 3-4L
Tidal Volume vs Vital Capacity
TV is small volume of air exchanged through breathing; Vital Capacity is maximum volume of air exchanged through breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
max. air inhaled after tidal inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
max. air expelled after tidal expiration
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume in the lungs after a normal exhalation (ERV+RV); represents relaxation volume of lungs
residual volume (RV)
air remaining in lungs after forceful exhalation; this air cannot leave lungs
Total lung capacity (TLC)
sum of VC and RV
Total lung capacity in males vs females
~5-6L in males; ~4-5L in females
speech breathing
uses 25-70% of Vital capacity; inspiration time shorter, expiration time longer
speech breathing vs quiet breathing ratio of inhalation vs exhalation
10-90% vs 50-50%
lungs (what and location)
primary respiration organs, in thorax on either side of heart; composed of spongy tissue filled with alveoli
what are the lungs encased in?
pleura, a double-layered membrane
inner layer of pleura called
visceral pleura
outer layer of pleura called
parietal pleura
visceral pleura adheres to __; parietal pleura lines ___
lungs; chest wall
what is in the pleural space between the inner and outer layers of the pleura?
pleural fluid
advantage of pleural fluid?
allows lungs to move smoothly during breathing
advantage of double layered pleura instead of rigid connection between lungs and ribcage
can breathe properly in different postures and positions due to flexibility of pleural configuration
smaller side of lungs on which side of body?
left side (where heart is)
___ extends down to lungs and splits between them
the trachea
journey of the air to lungs
-trachea
-left/right main bronchus
-bronchioles (smaller branches of bronchi; smooth muscles)
-alveolar ducts (smaller tubes than bronchioles)
-alveolar sacs (at end of alveolar ducts; clusters of alveoli)
-alveoli
T/F: trachea and left/right main bronchus are cartilage
true
alveoli
tiny air sacs within lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood; tiny balloon-like structures
what does the main job of breathing?
the diaphragm
inhalation occurs when muscles __; exhalation occurs when muscles __
contract; relax
which one is the active process: inhalation or exhalation?
inhalation is active
what does the diaphragm separate?
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
T/F: diaphragm is all muscle
false; it is most important muscle for inhalation but also includes the Central Tendon
the Central Tendon
tough, flat sheet of tendon at core of diaphragm;
-transmits force generated by diaphragm’s muscular contractions; enables diaphragm to flatten and move downwards during inhalation
advantage of the Central Tendon
helps squeeze lungs more efficiently cuz they are tougher and less cushiony than muscle tissues
accessory muscles (what? examples)
support the diaphragm during forceful or deep inhalation; external intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid muscles
accessory muscles of inhalation (forceful or deep inhalation) include
external intercostal muscles & sternocleidomastoid muscles
external intercostal muscles
elevate ribs, expand chest wall and increases thoracic volume
inter-costal
between ribs
sternocleidomastoid muscles
raise the sternum; contributes to increase in thoracic volume
exhalation involves
relaxation of the diaphragm and the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall
muscles active in active exhalation
-abdominal muscles (Rectus Abdominis, External and Internal Obliques, Transversus Abdominis)
-internal intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles include
rectus abdominis, external and interal obliques, transverse abdominis
external abdominal oblique runs in the ___ direction than the internal abdominal oblique
opposite
external intercostal muscles vs internal intercostal muscles
external for inhalation; internal for active exhalation
chest breathing vs diaphragmatic breathing (belly breathing)
chest moving up and down vs belly moving up and down; chest muscles vs diaphragmatic muscles
rectus abdominis
Six pack; at the front
external obliques
Side and front of abdomen
internal obliques
Right under external obliques running in opposite direction
transverse abdominis
Innermost abdominal muscles; wraps around spine for stability and protection
Order of abdominal muscles from most external to most internal
Rectus abdominis and external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis
