lingual consonants Flashcards
tongue bracing
contact made by tongue with surfaces within the oral cavity (e.g. molars, teeth, palate regions)
degrees of freedom
how many degrees the tongue can move; how to decide which point to bend at? octopus arms ~ tongue
tongue bracing functions
restrict the tongue movement (to stabilize it), reducing the tongue’s degrees of freedom; forcing airflow through specific locations; maintaining accuracy
medial bracing
bracing happens at alveolar ridge with tongue tip (dark l)
-sounds that are lateral (lateral fricatives & approximants)
lateral bracing
sides of tongue contact inner sides of teeth or upper lateral regions of mouth; sounds along tongue’s midline
which bracing more prevalent in speech: medial or lateral
lateral bracing more prevalent (sounds along tongue’s midline)
which of the following sound involves medial bracing?
[j]
[ɭ]
[ŋ]
[ʙ]
[ɭ] (retroflex lateral approximant)
approximant constrictions
-lingual constrictions not tight enough to disrupt airflow
-some vocalic qualities, but tighter constrictions compared to vowels
-e.g. [j] & [w] vs [l] & [ʎ]
turbulent constrictions
-result from tight constriction & specific tongue shapes that accelerate airflow
-fricatives
-degree of turbulence increases with constriction, reaching a CRITICAL POINT that maximizes turbulence for that location
t/f: all lingual fricatives use the same tongue shape
false; ‘sh’ uses domed anterior tongue shape; ‘s’ uses genioglossus muscles to create medial groove
two ways lateral fricatives can be produced
symmetrically (bilaterally) or asymmetrically (unilaterally) with airflow focused to create turbulence
periodic constrictions
-trills
-requires narrow constriction, proper airway shape behind constriction, and specific TENSENESS in vibrating body
closure constrictions
stops or plosives; taps & flaps
-narrowest degree of consonant constriction, creating complete closure that prevents airflow
-tongue must compress against an opposing surface to withstand air pressure & create a tight seal
-overshooting aids in tight closure (e.g. [k] and [t])
overshoot
concept where the movement’s target is beyond the point of constriction which aids in creating a tight closure
taps and flaps differ from other closure constrictions in that they do not
overshoot; they are lighter & quicker stops with minimal or no overshoot
constriction locations phoneticians vs phonologists
precise locations against which tongue constricts (e.g. alveolar ridge) vs moving parts of anatomy ([coronal], [dorsal], [ATR], [labial])
tongue anterior constrictions (which sounds? patterns? muscles and surfaces involved?)
often coronal sounds; often pattern together phonologically
-transversus and verticalis for elongation & bracing; superior longitudinal for raising tongue front; inferior longitudinal for stabilization
-sounds can be articulated against palate, teeth, lips
tongue shape for [s]
grooved
tongue shape for [θ]
relatively flat
tongue shape for apical vs laminal sounds
tongue tip or blade
what sounds use tongue’s underside and demonstrate the flexibility of the tongue’s anterior?
retroflex sounds
retroflex constrictions (and what muscle?)
-curling tongue tip backward; using underside of tongue against upper teeth & alveolar ridge
-superior longitudinal muscle facilitates retroflex productions
two types of classic retroflex tongue shapes
bunching and curling (classic retroflex is curling)
