larynx (extrinsic) Flashcards
larynx is suspended between ___ and bones of ___
skull; torso
how is larynx stabilized?
through a set of extrinsic laryngeal muscles
key connection points on skull to larynx
styloid processes & mastoid processes
styloid processes
stylus-shaped projections from base of skull; origin for several muscles
mastoid processes
larger, smoother protrusions behind earlobes; insertion points for muscles such as sternocleidomastoid
T/F: mastoid processes more blunt than point styloid processes
true
hyoid bone (horns and body; location)
body, greater and lesser horns; located near third cervical vertebra
what does the hyoid bone do? (2)
provides essential support for tongue; serves as anchor for the larynx
hard parts important to extrinsic larynx (6)
styloid process, mastoid process, hyoid bone, sternum, scapula, clavicle
sternum consists of (also where)
xiphoid process, body, manubrium in center of chest
scapula
triangular bone in shoulder; includes shoulder joint
clavicle
long bone across shoulders (can easily feel)
extrinsic laryngeal muscle groups (4)
pharyngeal constrictors, infrahyoids, suprahyoids, pharyngeal elevators
which bone directly involved in suspending larynx? (clavicle, scapula, hyoid bone, manubrium of sternum)
hyoid bone is immediately above larynx
pharyngeal constrictors (what, name 3 types)
muscles form the back and side walls of the pharynx; inferior, middle, superior pharyngeal constrictor
which pharyngeal constrictors are key for laryngeal support?
middle and inferior constrictors
inferior pharyngeal constrictor (function, origin, insertion point)
pulls larynx backward (and upward); narrows laryngopharynx (lower part of pharynx)
-o: sides of cricoid & thyroid c.
-i: median raphe of pharynx (tissue gets sewn together)
which direction does inferior pharyngeal constrictor pull the larynx?
diagonally (backwards and upwards)
middle pharyngeal constrictor (function, origin, insertion point)
retracts and elevates hyoid bone; narrows oropharynx
-o: greater/lesser horns of hyoid bone & stylohyoid ligament
-i: median raphe of pharynx
middle/inferior pharyngeal constrictor useful for what non-pulmonic sounds?
ejectives but not implosives (raising of larynx only)
infrahyoid muscles (strap muscles) (location, role, includes 4 main muscles)
-beneath hyoid bone (connect (in)directly)
-forced inspiration & phonation
-sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
sternothyroid (infrahyoid muscle)
lowers larynx by connecting the sternum to the thyroid cartilage
sternohyoid (infrahyoid muscle)
lowers hyoid bone linking sternum to hyoid
thyrohyoid (infrahyoid muscle)
modulates tension between thyroid and hyoid by either raising larynx or lowering hyoid
omohyoid
two segments; lowers or stabilizes hyoid bone; indirectly affects larynx position
suprahyoid muscles (location, role, includes 4 muscles)
-above hyoid
-elevates hyoid bone, swallowing & voice pitch
-digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
digastric muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)
two-bellied muscle contributing to jaw opening & larynx elevation
-anterior belly connected to Digrastic Fossa of mandible; posterior belly to mastoid process
stylohyoid muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)
raise & retract hyoid bone
-slender muscle running parallel to posterior belly of the digastric
-origin at styloid processes; inserts into hyoid bone
mylohyoid muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)
raises hyoid & assists in elevating tongue during swallowing
-thin, flat muscle forming floor of mouth
-origin at mylohyoid line of mandible; inserts into hyoid bone
geniohyoid muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)
elevates hyoid, shortens floor of mouth, aids in swallowing
-narrow muscle running above mylohyoid
-origin at mental spines of mandible
Pharyngeal elevators (and 3 muscles)
muscles that raise larynx & pharyngeal walls
-stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus muscles
stylopharyngeus muscle (pharyngeal elevator) (include location)
elevates larynx & widens the pharynx
-origin at styloid process; inserts into pharyngeal wall & thyroid cartilage
palatopharyngeus muscle (pharyngeal elevator) (include location)
raises larynx; helps lower velum for velic sounds
-origin at soft palate; merges with stylopharyngeus & inserts into thyroid cartilage
salpingopharyngeus muscle (pharyngeal elevator) (include location)
assists in elevating larynx & pharynx; assists in equalizing pressure between outer & middle ear
-origin at Eustachian tube openings; inserts into palatopharyngeus muscle
infrahyoid muscles tend to __ larynx/hyoid whereas suprahyoid muscles tend to ___ them
lower; raise (e.g. sternothyroid lowers larynx; geniohyoid raises hyoid)
breathy voice characterized by
combo of phonation and frication of air at glottis
two ways of producing breathy voice
- less contraction of LCA muscles (longitudinal gap)
- inadequate contraction of IA muscles (posterior gap)
in breathy voice, vocal folds do not fully close, affecting ___ and ____
resonance; volume
breathy voice requires more __ leading to faster respiration/shorter phrases
air
breathy voice and __ voice form a continuum
modal
creaky voice is characterized by
significantly lower fundamental frequency; second harmonic more prominent (positive spectral tilt); longer phonation cycles than in modal voicing; very little air escapes
creaky voice also known as
laryngealization or vocal fry
how is creaky voice achieved?
vocal folds shortened & slackened; IA muscles draw arytenoids together; long closure periods; tiny bursts of air escape between closures
engagement of ___ and ___ folds can also produce creaky voice
aryepiglottic; ventricular
in creaky voice, vocal ligaments & TA muscle may __
vibrate out of phase
acoustically, producing creaky voice can result in ___ & ____
higher jitter (variability in frequency/pitch); shimmer (variability in amplitude/loudness)
T/F: breathy and creaky voice can form phonemic contrasts in various languages
true (breathy: Banbla, Hindi, other Indic languages, Bantu languages; creaky: Zapotecan Mayan, Jalapa Mazatec, Cuzco Quechua)
glotallic airstreams
glottalic ingressive & egressive
implosives are common in languages with what kind of closures?
closures further in the mouth (e.g. bilabial sounds)
where does air flow from when producing implosives?
from lungs and from outside
what airstreams do implosives combine?
glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstreams
what muscles used to produce ejectives?
suprahyoid & pharyngeal elevator muscles
in ejectives, raising the larynx ___ air in the vocal tract
compresses
lenis ejectives involve
minimal larynx raising
fortis ejectives use
additional muscle compression
vocal folds snap shut quickly due to __ pressure
low
example set of muscles to produce ejectives? (iclickr)
stylohyoid muscles (from suprahyoid set)
glottal chink
gap at most posterior side of vocal folds that remains open for most speakers unless they make conscious effort to close it
