larynx (extrinsic)

Question 1

larynx is suspended between ___ and bones of ___

Answer 1

skull; torso

Question 2

how is larynx stabilized?

Answer 2

through a set of extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 3

key connection points on skull to larynx

Answer 3

styloid processes & mastoid processes

Question 4

styloid processes

Answer 4

stylus-shaped projections from base of skull; origin for several muscles

Question 5

mastoid processes

Answer 5

larger, smoother protrusions behind earlobes; insertion points for muscles such as sternocleidomastoid

Question 6

T/F: mastoid processes more blunt than point styloid processes

Answer 6

true

Question 7

hyoid bone (horns and body; location)

Answer 7

body, greater and lesser horns; located near third cervical vertebra

Question 8

what does the hyoid bone do? (2)

Answer 8

provides essential support for tongue; serves as anchor for the larynx

Question 9

hard parts important to extrinsic larynx (6)

Answer 9

styloid process, mastoid process, hyoid bone, sternum, scapula, clavicle

Question 10

sternum consists of (also where)

Answer 10

xiphoid process, body, manubrium in center of chest

Question 11

scapula

Answer 11

triangular bone in shoulder; includes shoulder joint

Question 12

clavicle

Answer 12

long bone across shoulders (can easily feel)

Question 13

extrinsic laryngeal muscle groups (4)

Answer 13

pharyngeal constrictors, infrahyoids, suprahyoids, pharyngeal elevators

Question 14

which bone directly involved in suspending larynx? (clavicle, scapula, hyoid bone, manubrium of sternum)

Answer 14

hyoid bone is immediately above larynx

Question 15

pharyngeal constrictors (what, name 3 types)

Answer 15

muscles form the back and side walls of the pharynx; inferior, middle, superior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 16

which pharyngeal constrictors are key for laryngeal support?

Answer 16

middle and inferior constrictors

Question 17

inferior pharyngeal constrictor (function, origin, insertion point)

Answer 17

pulls larynx backward (and upward); narrows laryngopharynx (lower part of pharynx)
-o: sides of cricoid & thyroid c.
-i: median raphe of pharynx (tissue gets sewn together)

Question 18

which direction does inferior pharyngeal constrictor pull the larynx?

Answer 18

diagonally (backwards and upwards)

Question 19

middle pharyngeal constrictor (function, origin, insertion point)

Answer 19

retracts and elevates hyoid bone; narrows oropharynx
-o: greater/lesser horns of hyoid bone & stylohyoid ligament
-i: median raphe of pharynx

Question 20

middle/inferior pharyngeal constrictor useful for what non-pulmonic sounds?

Answer 20

ejectives but not implosives (raising of larynx only)

Question 21

infrahyoid muscles (strap muscles) (location, role, includes 4 main muscles)

Answer 21

-beneath hyoid bone (connect (in)directly)
-forced inspiration & phonation
-sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid

Question 22

sternothyroid (infrahyoid muscle)

Answer 22

lowers larynx by connecting the sternum to the thyroid cartilage

Question 23

sternohyoid (infrahyoid muscle)

Answer 23

lowers hyoid bone linking sternum to hyoid

Question 24

thyrohyoid (infrahyoid muscle)

Answer 24

modulates tension between thyroid and hyoid by either raising larynx or lowering hyoid

Question 25

omohyoid

Answer 25

two segments; lowers or stabilizes hyoid bone; indirectly affects larynx position

Question 26

suprahyoid muscles (location, role, includes 4 muscles)

Answer 26

-above hyoid -elevates hyoid bone, swallowing & voice pitch -digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Question 27

digastric muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)

Answer 27

two-bellied muscle contributing to jaw opening & larynx elevation -anterior belly connected to Digrastic Fossa of mandible; posterior belly to mastoid process

Question 28

stylohyoid muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)

Answer 28

raise & retract hyoid bone -slender muscle running parallel to posterior belly of the digastric -origin at styloid processes; inserts into hyoid bone

Question 29

mylohyoid muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)

Answer 29

raises hyoid & assists in elevating tongue during swallowing -thin, flat muscle forming floor of mouth -origin at mylohyoid line of mandible; inserts into hyoid bone

Question 30

geniohyoid muscle (suprahyoid muscle) (include location)

Answer 30

elevates hyoid, shortens floor of mouth, aids in swallowing -narrow muscle running above mylohyoid -origin at mental spines of mandible

Question 31

Pharyngeal elevators (and 3 muscles)

Answer 31

muscles that raise larynx & pharyngeal walls -stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus muscles

Question 32

stylopharyngeus muscle (pharyngeal elevator) (include location)

Answer 32

elevates larynx & widens the pharynx -origin at styloid process; inserts into pharyngeal wall & thyroid cartilage

Question 33

palatopharyngeus muscle (pharyngeal elevator) (include location)

Answer 33

raises larynx; helps lower velum for velic sounds -origin at soft palate; merges with stylopharyngeus & inserts into thyroid cartilage

Question 34

salpingopharyngeus muscle (pharyngeal elevator) (include location)

Answer 34

assists in elevating larynx & pharynx; assists in equalizing pressure between outer & middle ear -origin at Eustachian tube openings; inserts into palatopharyngeus muscle

Question 35

infrahyoid muscles tend to __ larynx/hyoid whereas suprahyoid muscles tend to ___ them

Answer 35

lower; raise (e.g. sternothyroid lowers larynx; geniohyoid raises hyoid)

Question 36

breathy voice characterized by

Answer 36

combo of phonation and frication of air at glottis

Question 37

two ways of producing breathy voice

Answer 37

1. less contraction of LCA muscles (longitudinal gap) 2. inadequate contraction of IA muscles (posterior gap)

Question 38

in breathy voice, vocal folds do not fully close, affecting ___ and ____

Answer 38

resonance; volume

Question 39

breathy voice requires more __ leading to faster respiration/shorter phrases

Answer 39

air

Question 40

breathy voice and __ voice form a continuum

Answer 40

modal

Question 41

creaky voice is characterized by

Answer 41

significantly lower fundamental frequency; second harmonic more prominent (positive spectral tilt); longer phonation cycles than in modal voicing; very little air escapes

Question 42

creaky voice also known as

Answer 42

laryngealization or vocal fry

Question 43

how is creaky voice achieved?

Answer 43

vocal folds shortened & slackened; IA muscles draw arytenoids together; long closure periods; tiny bursts of air escape between closures

Question 44

engagement of ___ and ___ folds can also produce creaky voice

Answer 44

aryepiglottic; ventricular

Question 45

in creaky voice, vocal ligaments & TA muscle may __

Answer 45

vibrate out of phase

Question 46

acoustically, producing creaky voice can result in ___ & ____

Answer 46

higher jitter (variability in frequency/pitch); shimmer (variability in amplitude/loudness)

Question 47

T/F: breathy and creaky voice can form phonemic contrasts in various languages

Answer 47

true (breathy: Banbla, Hindi, other Indic languages, Bantu languages; creaky: Zapotecan Mayan, Jalapa Mazatec, Cuzco Quechua)

Question 48

glotallic airstreams

Answer 48

glottalic ingressive & egressive

Question 49

implosives are common in languages with what kind of closures?

Answer 49

closures further in the mouth (e.g. bilabial sounds)

Question 50

where does air flow from when producing implosives?

Answer 50

from lungs and from outside

Question 51

what airstreams do implosives combine?

Answer 51

glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstreams

Question 52

what muscles used to produce ejectives?

Answer 52

suprahyoid & pharyngeal elevator muscles

Question 53

in ejectives, raising the larynx ___ air in the vocal tract

Answer 53

compresses

Question 54

lenis ejectives involve

Answer 54

minimal larynx raising

Question 55

fortis ejectives use

Answer 55

additional muscle compression

Question 56

vocal folds snap shut quickly due to __ pressure

Answer 56

low

Question 57

example set of muscles to produce ejectives? (iclickr)

Answer 57

stylohyoid muscles (from suprahyoid set)

Question 58

glottal chink

Answer 58

gap at most posterior side of vocal folds that remains open for most speakers unless they make conscious effort to close it