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Medsci142 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, pharynx and larynx

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2
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchus, lungs

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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4
Q

What components of the pharynx are exposed to both air and food?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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5
Q

What part of the pharynx is only exposed to air?

A

Nasopharynx

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6
Q

What is the surface area of the lungs, and what is it comparable to?

A

100m2, half the size of a tennis court

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6
Q

What system is the pharynx apart of?

A

Digestive & respiratory

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7
Q

What travels down the pharynx?

A

Air and food

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7
Q

What closes the nasopharynx when swallowing?

A

Soft palate

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8
Q

What 2 things are essential for efficient gas exchange?

A

Small diffusion distance between air and blood

Large surface area

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9
Q

Approximately how many breaths are taken at rest per min?

A

~10/min

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10
Q

What is the diffusion distance between the air in the lungs and blood?

A

0.5 micrometers (1/15th of a RBC)

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11
Q

Approximately how many litres of air does 1 breath contain?

A

1/2 a litre

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12
Q

What is respiration?

A

Exchange of gases

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13
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The mechanical movement of air in and out (breathing)

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of respiration?

A

External, internal and cellular

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15
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange of gasses in the lungs across pulmonary capillaries

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15
Q

What does the ventilatory pump include?

A

The diaphragm, rib cage and associated muscles

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16
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gasses between blood in systemic capillaries and systemic tissues

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17
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which individual cells gain energy

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18
Q

What is the primary role of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

A

Conduct air and prepare it for exchange by warming, cleaning, and humidifying it

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19
Q

What is the primary role of the respiratory part of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

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20
Q

What are the 2 functional parts of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting and respiratory

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21
Q

What are the conducting airways?

A

Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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22
Q

What are the respiratory airways in the respiratory part of the system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and the alveoli themselves

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23
Q

What is the process by which cilia clear the conducting airways?

A

Mucociliary clearance

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24
Q

How often do cilia beat?

A

10-15 times per second

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25
Q

What are the 3 requirements for air in order for gas exchange?

A

Clean, warm (37 degrees), saturated with water

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25
Q

In which direction do cilia beat?

A

Towards the throat

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26
Q

How is blood warmed in the nasal cavity?

A

The very rich blood supply under the epithelium

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26
Q

What are the 3 bones in the nasal cavity called, and what do they form?

A

Turbinate bone forms conchae (superior, middle and inferior)

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the Choncae?

A

Increase surface area (to maximise warming and humidifying)

Swirl air around to create turbulence, throwing particles onto mucous layers

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27
Q

Describe the lining of the conducting airways

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, goblet cells, basal cells

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27
Q

What do paranasal sinuses do?

A

Lighten face and add resonance to voice

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27
Q

What is the temperature of the air by the time it reaches the throat?

A

~32 degrees

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28
Q

What part of the respiratory system slows air down?

A

Nasal cavity

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29
Q

What do seromucous glands secrete and why?

A

Secrete a watery product to help humidify and filter air

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30
Q

What do goblet cells secrete and why?

A

Secrete a mucin to help humidify and filter air

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31
Q

Why is an infection in the lower respiratory tract more dangerous than the upper respiratory tract?

A

Because it is closer to the blood supply

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31
Q

What are the 2 sources of mucous in the respiratory tract?

A

Mucous glands and Goblet cells

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32
Q

What are nose hairs also known as?

A

Vibrissae

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33
Q

What are the overall 3 main functions of the nose?

A
  1. Warm, moisten and filter air
  2. Detect olfactory stimuli
  3. Modify speech vibrations
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33
Q

What is the name of the bone where the olfactory receptor cells are located?

A

Cribriform plate

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33
Q

Name the order of the branches in the respiratory tree

A

Trachea -> main stem bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> smaller bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs

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34
Q

How many generations of branching are there in the airways?

A

28

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35
Q

What angle do branches branch off at?

A

37 degrees

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36
Q

What is the main purpose of the branching in the respiratory tract?

A

Increase surface area

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36
Q

How long and wide is the trachea?

A

12cm long, about as wide as a thumb

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36
Q

What 2 things decrease as you go further down the respiratory tract?

A

Tube diameter and epithelial height

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37
Q

What is the shape of the cartilage in the trachea?

A

C shaped ring

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38
Q

What does the cartilage in the trachea do?

A

Protect the trachea and keep it open

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39
Q

What is the widest tube in the respiratory tract?

A

Trachea

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40
Q

What is the name of the muscle connecting the ends of the incomplete cartilage rings in the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

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41
Q

What is the role of the trachealis muscle?

A

Narrow diameter of the trachea - possibly involved with cough reflex if food enters trachea

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42
Q

What are the 4 layers of the bronchus?

A

Respiratory epithelium -> smooth muscle -> mucous & serous glands -> cartilage

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42
Q

What is between the cartilage rings in the trachea?

A

Connective tissue - allows for flexibility

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43
Q

What is the shape of cartilage in the bronchus?

A

Crescent moon-shaped (not as big as C)

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44
Q

What cells do bronchiole have instead of goblet cells?

A

Club cells

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45
Q

What do club cells do?

A

Secrete watery substance to prevent walls from sticking together during expiration

Secrete chemicals to break down bacteria

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46
Q

Describe the walls of bronchioles

A

simple columnar or cuboidal epithelia with club cells on top of smooth muscle

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47
Q

Where is the site of major broncho-constriction?

A

Bronchioles

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48
Q

What is the difference between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli buds

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49
Q

What is the final branch of the conducting zone?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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50
Q

What is the first branch of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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51
Q

What generation of branching forms bronchioles?

A

16th

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52
Q

What is the final branch of the respiratory zone?

A

Alveolar sacs

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53
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

More than 2 alveoli in an area

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54
Q

What are the 2 types of alveolar cells?

A

Type 1: Pneumocytes

Type 2: Surfactant cells

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55
Q

Describe type 1 alveolar cells

A

Squamous epithelium

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55
Q

What is the purpose of type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Reduce surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse

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56
Q

What is the 3rd type of alveolar cell, and what does it do?

A

Alveolar macrophage - picks up and destroys debris that the conducting system has failed to filter

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57
Q

What is the final line of immune defence in the lungs?

A

Alveolar macrophage

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58
Q

Describe the order in which oxygen must pass through to get from the lungs to the blood

A

Lumen of alveolus -> type 1 pneumocyte cytoplasm -> fused basement membrane of Type I alveolar cell and endothelial cell -> cytoplasm of capillary endothelium -> blood plasma -> RBC

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59
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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60
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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61
Q

What is the name of the region in which arteries, veins and bronchi enter each lung?

A

Hilum

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62
Q

What is the name of the bronchi supplying each lobe?

A

Lobar bronchi

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63
Q

What is the name of the bronchi supplying each lung?

A

Main stem bronchi

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64
Q

What is the name of the bronchi supplying each segment?

A

Segmental bronchi

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65
Q

How many segments are in the left lung?

A

8

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66
Q

How many segments are in the right lung?

A

10

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67
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation?

A

Surface tension, lung compliance, airway resistance

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68
Q

Is expiration active or passive?

A

Passive

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68
Q

Is inspiration active or passive?

A

Active

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69
Q

What percentage of air movement into and out of the lungs is the ribcage responsible for?

A

25%

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70
Q

What muscles are involved with inspiration and what do they do?

A

External intercostal muscles - contract during inspiration to lift ribs upwards

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71
Q

What muscles are involved with expiration and what do they do?

A

Internal intercostal muscles - usually not contracting - only contract during forceful exhalation to drag ribs downwards

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72
Q

What is the relationship between volume and pressure?

A

Volume is inversely proportional to pressure (e.g. as volume increases pressure decrease)

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73
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragmatic muscle do, and when does this occur?

A

Flatten the diaphragm, pulling it down - increasing the volume of the thorax during inspiration

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74
Q

What percentage of the bulk flow of air is the diaphragm responsible for during quiet breathing?

A

75% (this decreases during exercise)

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75
Q

What is VT?

A

Tidal volume - the volume of air per breath at rest ~0.5L

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76
Q

What is FRC?

A

Functional residual capacity - the amount of air in the lungs after passive expiration (~1.8L - 2.4L)

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77
Q

What is VR?

A

Residual volume - the volume of air in the lungs that cannot be expelled ~1/2 FRC

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78
Q

What is ERV?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume - the extra air exhaled forcefully on top of VT - (FRC-VR)

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79
Q

What is IRV

A

Inspiratory reserve volume - additional air inhaled on top of VT

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80
Q

What is the calculation for ventilation (L/min)?

A

VT x Respiratory Frequency

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81
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume - the volume of gas exhaled in 1 sec during forced exhalation

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82
Q

What is FEC?

A

Maximum expiration after maximum inhalation

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83
Q

How is the visceral pleura attached to the lungs?

A

Surface tension

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84
Q

When are the forces on the chest wall and forces on the lungs balanced?

A

At FRC

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85
Q

What is the equation for residual volume?

A

TLC - VC

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86
Q

What is the approximate dead space in a healthy person?

A

150ml

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87
Q

What would you expect the pleural pressure to be after a pneumothorax?

A

0mmHg

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88
Q

Where is total resistance the largest?

A

Segmental Bronchi

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89
Q

Where is total resistance the lowest in the respiratory tract?

A

Bronchioles

90
Q

What is the equation for calculating lung health?

A

FEV1/FVC

91
Q

What is the normal/healthy percentage for FEV1/FVC?

A

80%

92
Q

What is used to measure gas volume dynamics (FEV1/FVC)?

A

Vitalograph

93
Q

What is VE, and how is it calculated?

A

Minute ventilation - VT x F or VA + VD

94
Q

What is the VE for hyperventilation?

A

> 6L/min

95
Q

What is the VE for hypoventilation?

A

<6L/min

96
Q

What is VA, and how is it calculated?

A

Alveolar ventilation - VT-VD x f

97
Q

What is used to measure lung volumes?

A

Spirometer

98
Q

What happens to pleural pressure during inspiration?

A

Becomes more negative

99
Q

What happens to pleural pressure during expiration?

A

Becomes less negative

100
Q

What is the most important respiratory muscle?

A

Diaphragm

101
Q

What percentage of VT does VD represent?

A

30%

102
Q

What shape is the diaphragm when relaxed?

A

Dome

103
Q

What are the 2 equations for compliance?

A

△V/△P & 1/elasticity

104
Q

What is La Place’s Law?

A

P = 2T/R

105
Q

What two things affect compliance?

A

Amount of elastic tissue in the lungs & amount of surfactant in the alveoli

106
Q

What percentage of total lung capacity does anatomical dead space make up?

A

3%

107
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

108
Q

What are the receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchioles called for sympathetic nerves?

A

Beta2-adrenoceptors

109
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

110
Q

What are the receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchioles called for parasympathetic nerves?

A

Muscarinic Receptors

111
Q

What is the reflex that controls bronchodilation called?

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex

112
Q

Describe the Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

Inhalation -> stretch of mechanoreceptors in bronchioles -> increased vagus nerve stimulation to resp. centre in medulla -> increased sympathetic stimulation of Beta2-adrenoceptors on bronchioles -> bronchodilation

113
Q

What is HP?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

114
Q

What is Pa?

A

Pulmonary blood pressure

115
Q

What is PV?

A

Arterial venous difference

116
Q

What is PA?

A

Alveolar pressure

117
Q

What is Q?

A

Cardiac output

117
Q

What is HP the same as?

A

Pa

118
Q

What makes the lungs have elasticity?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres

119
Q

What is the capacity of the resting position of the lung?

A

Functional residual capacity

120
Q

Why is a highly compliant lung bad?

A

High compliance means low elasticity, so expiration will require a lot of effort (no longer be passive at rest)

121
Q

What device is used to measure pressures inside different areas of the lungs?

A

Manometer

122
Q

How many times do the airways divide?

A

23

123
Q

Describe the flow of air in the conducting zone

A

Fast and turbulent

124
Q

Describe the flow of air in the respiratory zone

A

Slow and laminar

125
Q

How much less resistance is there in the respiratory bronchioles/smaller airways than in the trachea?

A

500x less

126
Q

Describe the arteries and veins of pulmonary circulation

A

Thin-walled, low-pressure, small amount of smooth muscle, lots of branching decreasing resistance, highly compliant

127
Q

Why is it necessary to have slow and laminar airflow in the alveoli?

A

Provides time for gas exchange

128
Q

How is mean blood pressure calculated?

A

Diastolic p + (1/3 systolic p - diastolic p)

129
Q

What is the mean pulmonary BP?

A

14 mmHg

130
Q

What is the mean systemic BP?

A

93 mmHg

131
Q

What is the benefit of sheet blood flow?

A

Increased surface area for gas exchange due to increased contact between blood and alveoli

132
Q

What does hypoxia in an alveoli cause?

A

Vasoconstriction

133
Q

What could hypoxia in alveoli be due to?

A

Bronchoconstriction e.g. asthma, pollen

134
Q

What part of the lung receives the most blood supply and why?

A

The bottom, due to gravity

135
Q

Why is VA/Q not 1?

A

The lungs are not fully perfused and ventilation is higher at the base of the lungs

136
Q

What does an increase in blood flow and pressure to the lungs result in (in terms of gas in blood)?

A

Increased O2 in blood as the top of the lungs are recruited

137
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting gas exchange?

A

Area, thickness of tissue, partial pressure differences, solubility of gas, molecular weight of gas

138
Q

What is the diameter of alveoli?

A

0.3mm

139
Q

How many times more soluble is CO2 compared with O2?

A

25 times

140
Q

What is a small △P with a larger △V indicate?

A

High compliance

141
Q

What disease results in low-compliant lungs?

A

Fibrosis

141
Q

What is COPD the result of?

A

Smoking - causes reduced elastic fibres and an overinflated lung at rest

141
Q

What disease results in highly compliant lungs?

A

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

142
Q

What is the drug that asthmatics take?

A

Salbutamol

143
Q

Describe fibrosis

A

Stiff lungs due to build up of pathogens (e.g. coal), deflated lungs, widened mid-sternal space and fluffy areas of fibrotic tissue (typically at base)

144
Q

What are some of the effects of fibrosis on a patient?

A

Increased effort required to inflate lungs

145
Q

Describe COPD

A

Expanded lungs, barrel chest, flattened diaphragm, reduced mid-sternal space

146
Q

Where are ventilation and perfusion the lowest?

A

Apex of the lung

147
Q

Where are ventilation and perfusion the highest?

A

Base of the lung

148
Q

Where is the alveoli volume the largest?

A

Apex of lung

149
Q

Explain the differences in negative pressures in the intrapleural space

A

The apex of the lung has a more -ve intrapleural pressure due to gravity, resulting in a larger pleural space at the apex and hence smaller (more -ve) lressure. Pleural space at base of lung is smaller, resulting in a less negative intrapleural pressure

150
Q

What is the cause of pulmonary hypertension?

A

Hypoxia

151
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low O2 in lungs

152
Q

What follows hypoxia in an alveoli?

A

Vasoconstriction

153
Q

Describe how pulmonary hypertension is caused, and how it can cause right heart failure.

A

Hypoxia -> vasoconstriction -> increased pulmonary artery resistance and ∴ BP -> increased afterload on RV -> RV becomes stretched, baggy and weak -> RV failure

154
Q

Describe how pulmonary oedema may be caused and what it results in

A

Blood clot or atheromas in LV -> LV not pumping properly -> increased congestion and BP in pulmonary veins -> oedema -> reduced lung compliance and reduced gas exchange -> breathlessness (dyspnoea) -> systemic hypoxia

155
Q

What is breathlessness also known as?

A

Dyspnoea

156
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Low O2 in blood

157
Q

What is the effect of hyperventilation on CO2 levels?

A

Decrease

158
Q

What is the effect of hypoventilation on CO2 levels?

A

Increase

159
Q

What is the effect of hypoventilation on O2 levels?

A

Decrease

160
Q

What may increased CO2 result in?

A

Acidosis

161
Q

What may decreased CO2 result in?

A

Alkalosis

162
Q

What does a sudden increase in pulmonary arterial pressure result in?

A

Recruitment of previously closed vessels and distension of the lumens of already patent vessels

163
Q

When is the ventilation: perfusion ratio less than one?

A

What there is more perfusion than ventilation

164
Q

Where is the ventilation: perfusion ratio the highest?

A

The apex of the lung

165
Q

Where is the ventilation: perfusion ratio the lowest?

A

The base of the lung

166
Q

What are 4 consequences of pulmonary hypertension?

A

Increased pressure in pulmonary capillaries

Fluid movement into alveoli

Pulmonary oedema

Breathlessness

167
Q

What are the lung segments called?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

168
Q

How many segments are in the right lung?

A

10

169
Q

How many segments are in the left lung?

A

8

170
Q

Each lung segment has its own…

A

Blood and air supply

171
Q

What is normal breathing also called?

A

Eupnoea

172
Q

What is the expected Hb saturation % at pO2 40mmHg?

A

75%

173
Q

What is the effect of exercise on pH?

A

Decrease in pH

174
Q

How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood?

A

Conversion to bicarbonate ion

175
Q

What would excitation of the phrenic nerve lead to?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm and increased thorax volume

176
Q

What would a decrease in pH lead to?

A

Increased ventilation

177
Q

What is Eupnoea?

A

Normal breathing

178
Q

What is no breathing called?

A

Apnoea

179
Q

What is apnoea?

A

No breathing

180
Q

What is the sensation of breathlessness called?

A

Dyspnoea

181
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

Sensation of breathlessness

182
Q

What is asphyxia?

A

Deprivation of oxygen

182
Q

What is no oxygen called?

A

Anoxia

182
Q

What is anoxia?

A

No oxygen

183
Q

What is deprivation of oxygen called?

A

Asphyxia

184
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High CO2

185
Q

Why is low CO2 called?

A

Hypocapnia

186
Q

What is high CO2 called?

A

Hypercapnia

187
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Low CO2

188
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Inadequate blood supply to an organ

189
Q

What is inadequate blood supply to an organ known as?

A

Ischaemia

190
Q

What has the largest impact on the direction of gas flow?

A

Pressure differences

191
Q

What is the effect of hyperventilation on pO2 and PCO2?

A

Increased pO2 and decreased pCO2

191
Q

What 2 main things affect compliance?

A

Elastic tissue and surfactant

192
Q

How many heme groups are in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

4 & 1

193
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and gas solubility?

A

Inverse relationship, solubility increases as temperature decreases.

194
Q

What has the greatest effect on the ability of blood to transport O2?

A

Amount of Hb

194
Q

What is the effect of higher temperatures on Hb-O2 affinity?

A

Decrease in affinity

195
Q

What is the concentration of O2 in plasma directly proportional to?

A

Its partial pressure

196
Q

What two things does an increase in SV do to pulmonary veins/capillaries?

A

Increased distension and recruitment

197
Q

What would occur if lung capillaries did not distend and recruit with increased blood?

A

Oedema

198
Q

What is the purpose of the Cl- shift?

A

Maintains cellular electroneutrality

199
Q

What are the 2 ways in which oxygen is transported in the blood?

A

Binds with Hb and dissolves in plasm

200
Q

What gas is diffusion limited?

A

CO2

201
Q

What gases are perfusion limited?

A

O2 and NO2

202
Q

How does the affinity of Hb-O2 change with pO2’s?

A

Decrease in pO2 = decrease in affinity - needed for association in lungs and dissociation at tissues

203
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

A shift of the O2 dissociation curve to the right due to increased H+, CO2, temp, DPG or low O2 in tissues - represents decreased affinity of Hb to O2

204
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

A shift of the O2 dissociation curve to the left due to decreased H+, CO2, temp, DPG or high O2 in tissues - represents increased affinity of Hb to O2

205
Q

What are the four ways CO2 may be transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved

Converted to HCO3-

Combined with amine groups

As H2CO3 and CO3- ions

206
Q

What transports Cl- and HCO3- across the RBC membrane?

A

Antiporter

207
Q

Why is the conversion of CO2 to HCO3- faster in RBC?

A

They contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

208
Q

Describe the affinities of Hb and HbO2 for CO2

A

Hb - higher affinity for CO2

HbO2 - lower affinity for CO2

209
Q

What syndrome may occur if your chemoreceptors fail?

A

Congenital hypoventilation syndrome

210
Q

Where are the PNS chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic and carotid bodies

211
Q

What nerves connect the PNS chemoreceptors and the medulla?

A

Vagal (aortic) and glossopharyngeal (carotid) (X & IX)

212
Q

What are the stimulants of PNS chemoreceptors?

A

Low O2, H+, high CO2 (mainly high CO2), increased SNS activity

213
Q

What is the response time of PNS chemoreceptors?

A

Fast - within 1 breath

214
Q

What is the response time of the CNS chemoreceptors?

A

Slow ~30 sec

215
Q

What is the reflex response of the PNS chemoreceptors?

A

Increased breathing rate and depth of breathing

216
Q

Where are CNS chemoreceptors located?

A

Neurons and Astrocytes <0.5mm beneath the surface of the ventral medulla

217
Q

What is the main stimulant of CNS chemoreceptors?

A

H+ ions

218
Q

Do CNS chemoreceptors respond to O2 levels?

A

No

219
Q

Why is the response time of CNS chemoreceptors slow?

A

Because only CO2 can cross the BBB, and CSF contains limited carbonic anhydrase, so the conversion of CO2 to H+ is slow

220
Q

What is the reflex response of CNS chemoreceptors?

A

Increased minute ventilation

221
Q

What type of binding is O2-Hb?

A

Co-operative

222
Q

What are the effectors of the respiratory centre in the medulla?

A

Respiratory muscles

223
Q

What are the units for peak flow rate?

A

L/min

224
Q

What are the units for dry spirometry?

A

mL

225
Q

What are the units for dry spirometry?

A

mL

225
Q

Would an asthmatic have a higher or lower peak flow rate than a normal person?

A

Lower due to increased airway resistance

226
Q

What does wet spirometry measure?

A

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume

Vital capacity

227
Q

What does dry spirometry measure?

A

Forced vital capacity & Forced expiratory volume

228
Q

How would an asthmatic’s FEV1 differ from that of a healthy individual?

A

Reduced

229
Q

What does the downward movement of liquid in the outer arm of a manometer indicate?

A

Negative pleural pressure

230
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure in the box lung model when no force is being applied?

A

0 cm H20

231
Q

How does the content of the intrapleural space in the lung model differ from real lungs?

A

Air in lung model is expandible, serous fluid in human is not expandable

232
Q

What 3 factors affect peak flow rate between individuals?

A

Age, sex and height

233
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

In a mixture of gases each gas exerts its own partial pressure

234
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

At a constant temp, volume of gas varies inversely with pressure

235
Q

What is the difference between lung volumes and lung capacities?

A

Volumes are measured and capacities are calculated

236
Q

What does La Places law measure?

A

Surface tension induced pressure in Alveoli

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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