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Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

At what age does menopause occur?

A

50-52 years

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2
Q

What causes menopause to occur?

A

Ovaries running out of follicles

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3
Q

How many follicles are present during foetal development?

A

7 million

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4
Q

How many follicles are present at birth?

A

1-2 million

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5
Q

How many follicles are present at puberty?

A

400,000

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6
Q

How many follicles are present at menopause?

A

<1000

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7
Q

What are some of the symptoms of perimenopause?

A

Vasomotor - hot flushes and night sweats

Genitourinary symptoms - vaginal dryness, atrophic (size) changes

Bone metabolism - osteoporosis

Behavioural/psychological changes
- depression, tension, anxiety, mental confusion, loss of libido

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8
Q

At what age does premenopause start?

A

40

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8
Q

By how much does oestrogen production reduce after menopause?

A

1 tenth of the previous level

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9
Q

How long after menopause has the ovary stopped producing hormones?

A

1 year

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9
Q

What age marks the start of perimenopause/end of regular cycles

A

46

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10
Q

What are the 4 female reproductive organs

A

Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian tubes, Ovaries

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11
Q

Where is oestrone (weak oestrogen) produced?

A

Stromal cells of adipose tissue

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12
Q

How often is a mature oocyte released?

A

Every 28 days

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13
Q

What is the NZ fertility rate?

A

1.8

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14
Q

What is the function of the Vagina?

A

Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids, receives penis during sex, hold sperm before they pass into uterus, forms lower part of birth canal

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14
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Elastic muscular tube, 7.5-9cm long, extends from cervix to the exterior fo the body

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15
Q

What are the 2 orientations of the vagina and their occurrence?

A

Ante flex (80%)

Retro flex (20%, can be painful)

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16
Q

Describe the uterus

A

Pear shaped, 30-40 grams

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17
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Constriction at the bottom of the uterus, which is plugged with mucus for most of the reproductive cycle

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17
Q

What is the top of the uterus called?

A

The fundus

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18
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A

Pathway for sperm

Mechanical protection, nutritional support and waste removal for developing embryo

Source of menstrual fluid

Contractions during birth

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19
Q

What can increased fundal height during pregnancy indicate?

A

Twins, breech birth, gestational diabetes

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20
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the pregnancy occurs in the uterine tube as opposed to the uterus wall.

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21
What are some of the risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?
Smoking, age, prior tubal damage, endometriosis
22
What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall, from inner to outer?
Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
22
What is one of the causes of decreased fundal height?
Intrauterine growth restriction
23
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
In the ampulla of the fallopian/uterine tube
24
What are the 2 subdivisions of the endometrium?
Inner functional zone (stratum functionalis) & outer basilar zone (stratum basalis)
25
What are some of the features of the fallopian tube which make it ideal for fertilisation?
It is a rich, nutritive environment which contains lipids and glycogen for sperm, the oocyte and embryo
26
What does the stratum functionalis contain?
Most of the uterine glands
27
What does the stratum basalis do?
Attaches the endometrium to the myometrium
28
What cells make up the uterine tube lining?
Ciliated and non-ciliated secretory columnar cells
29
How does the fallopian tube move an oocyte through it?
Using a combination of ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions.
30
What is the name of the finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube?
Fimbria
31
What are the fimbria covered in?
Cilia
32
How much does an ovary weigh?
5-10g
33
What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum, ampulla & isthmus
34
What are the 3 distinct regions of an ovary?
Outer ovarian cortex, central ovarian medulla, inner hilum
34
What does the ovarian medulla contain?
Ovarian stroma and steroid-producing cells
35
What does the ovarian cortex contain?
Ovarian follicles
36
What does the inner hilum do?
Act as a point of entry for nerves and blood vessels
37
What does an oocyte initially start as?
Primordial follicle - single flat follicular cells that develop in granulosa cells
38
What is the name of the oocyte once the follicles initially begin to grow?
Primary follicle
39
Describe the structure of the primary follicle
Single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells
40
What causes follicles to grow?
FSH
41
What cells begin to form around the primary follicle, and how do they form?
Thecal cells - condensation of ovarian stromal cell
41
What does the primary follicle secrete and why?
Glycoproteins to form the zona pellucida
42
What do thecal cells produce?
Steroid hormones
42
What is the follicle called after the antrum is formed?
Secondary follicle
43
What forms the follicular antrum?
Viscous follicular fluid produced by granulosa cells then coalesces
44
Describe the thecal cells in the secondary oocyte
Glandular, high vascular theca interna, and fibrous capsule theca externa
45
What is the innermost layer of granulosa cells called in a secondary follicle?
Corona radiata - attaches to outer zona pellucida cells
45
What follows the secondary oocyte?Describe its structure
Mature follicle, the antrum grows oocyte is suspended in fluid, connected to the rum of the granulosa cells by a thin stalk
46
What is the mass of loosely associated granulosa cells around the corona radiata called?
Cumulus oophorus
47
How does an oocyte level the ovary? (Ovulation)
The follicle ruptures, and the oocyte is released and collected by the cilia on the fimbria
47
What is the formation of the corpus luteum called, and what is secreted in this process?
Luteinisation, progestagens
48
What happens in the ovary after the oocyte is released?
The antrum breaks down, and blood vessels invade, resulting in the corpus luteum
49
What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?
2 weeks
49
What structure follows the corpus luteum, and what is its fate?
Corpus albicans, it is absorbed back into the stromal tissue of the ovary over weeks to months
50
What hormone stops the corpus luteum from being broken down?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
51
What is the hormone that pregnancy tests detect?
hCG
51
What produces hCG and when?
The embryo 8 days after fertilisation
52
What is the futile cycle?
No fertilisation of the oocyte
53
What does the corpus luteum secrete in the fertile cycle?
Progesterone and oestrogens
54
What is the fertile cycle?
Fertilisation of the oocyte
55
How long is the average menstrual cycle?
28 days
56
What are the 2 phases in the ovarian cycle and their relative lengths?
Follicular phase (day 1 to ovulation 1-2 weeks) and luteal phase (ovulation to menstruation - 14 days)
57
What are the 3 phases in the endometrial cycle?
Menstrual, proliferative and secretory
58
How long does it take for an oocyte to be made and released?
~2 weeks
59
What ovarian phase comes before ovulation?
Follicular
60
What are the follicles that oocytes arise from?
Primordial follicles
61
What ovarian phase comes after ovulation?
Luteal
62
What does the growing follicle release?
Oestrogen
63
What occurs in the follicular phase?
Growth of the follicle
64
What are the 2 main functions of the female reproductive tract?
Produce an oocyte and incubate an embryo
65
What occurs in the luteal phase?
Growth of the corpus luteum
66
What is the effect of oestrogen on the uterus after menstruation?
Leads to proliferation of the stratum functionalis
67
What is the effect of progesterone on the uterus after menstruation?
Leads to secretory phase - an ideal environment for the embryo to implant
68
What hormone plays the largest role in the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?
Oestrogen
68
What occurrences do we see near day 28 of the menstrual cycle?
Corpus luteum regresses Low oestrogen & progesterone Increased FSH
69
What hormone plays the largest role in the secretion phase of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone
70
What occurrences do we see at the beginning of the menstrual cycle?
FSH levels leads to increased follicular growth
71
What occurs around day 7 of the menstrual cycle?
Dominant follicle is selected and oestradiol levels increase
72
What is the effect of elevated progesterone levels?
Inhibition of GnRH so decreased LH and FSH levels
72
What day in the menstrual cycle are oestrogen levels the highest?
Day 12
73
What do the increased levels of oestradiol do to other hormone levels?
Production of LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary are supressed
74
Describe the high oestrogen levels on day 12 of the menstrual cycle and what occurs.
If threshold level oestrogen is maintained for 36 hours there is a temporary switch from negative to positive feedback and GnRH is released leading to LH surge
75
What day of the menstrual cycle are progesterone levels the highest?
Day 22
75
What does the LH surge around day 12 of the menstrual cycle induce?
Ovulation
76
What hormone levels increase after ovulation and why?
Progesterone, as a result of the corpus luteum developing
77
What is the name of the oestrogen produced after menopause, and where is it produced?
Oestrone, by adipose tissue
78
What is oogenesis and when does it begin?
Formation of gametes, before birth
79
What is the glycoprotein layer between the oocyte and granulosa cells called?
Zona pellucida
80
Where are the secretory cells of an ovarian follicle located? What do they secrete?
Theca interna, secretes oestrogen
81
When is the endometrium at its thickest?
Late in the postovulatory phase
82
At what stage in the menstrual cycle are progesterone levels highest?
Late in the postovulatory phase
82
What are the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in a secondary follicle?
Cumulus oophorus

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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