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Medsci142 > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

At what age does menopause occur?

A

50-52 years

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2
Q

What causes menopause to occur?

A

Ovaries running out of follicles

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3
Q

How many follicles are present during foetal development?

A

7 million

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4
Q

How many follicles are present at birth?

A

1-2 million

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5
Q

How many follicles are present at puberty?

A

400,000

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6
Q

How many follicles are present at menopause?

A

<1000

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7
Q

What are some of the symptoms of perimenopause?

A

Vasomotor - hot flushes and night sweats

Genitourinary symptoms - vaginal dryness, atrophic (size) changes

Bone metabolism - osteoporosis

Behavioural/psychological changes
- depression, tension, anxiety, mental confusion, loss of libido

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8
Q

At what age does premenopause start?

A

40

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8
Q

By how much does oestrogen production reduce after menopause?

A

1 tenth of the previous level

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9
Q

How long after menopause has the ovary stopped producing hormones?

A

1 year

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9
Q

What age marks the start of perimenopause/end of regular cycles

A

46

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10
Q

What are the 4 female reproductive organs

A

Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian tubes, Ovaries

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11
Q

Where is oestrone (weak oestrogen) produced?

A

Stromal cells of adipose tissue

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12
Q

How often is a mature oocyte released?

A

Every 28 days

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13
Q

What is the NZ fertility rate?

A

1.8

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14
Q

What is the function of the Vagina?

A

Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids, receives penis during sex, hold sperm before they pass into uterus, forms lower part of birth canal

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14
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Elastic muscular tube, 7.5-9cm long, extends from cervix to the exterior fo the body

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15
Q

What are the 2 orientations of the vagina and their occurrence?

A

Ante flex (80%)

Retro flex (20%, can be painful)

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16
Q

Describe the uterus

A

Pear shaped, 30-40 grams

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17
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Constriction at the bottom of the uterus, which is plugged with mucus for most of the reproductive cycle

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17
Q

What is the top of the uterus called?

A

The fundus

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18
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A

Pathway for sperm

Mechanical protection, nutritional support and waste removal for developing embryo

Source of menstrual fluid

Contractions during birth

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19
Q

What can increased fundal height during pregnancy indicate?

A

Twins, breech birth, gestational diabetes

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20
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the pregnancy occurs in the uterine tube as opposed to the uterus wall.

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21
Q

What are some of the risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Smoking, age, prior tubal damage, endometriosis

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22
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall, from inner to outer?

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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22
Q

What is one of the causes of decreased fundal height?

A

Intrauterine growth restriction

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23
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

In the ampulla of the fallopian/uterine tube

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24
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the endometrium?

A

Inner functional zone (stratum functionalis) & outer basilar zone (stratum basalis)

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25
Q

What are some of the features of the fallopian tube which make it ideal for fertilisation?

A

It is a rich, nutritive environment which contains lipids and glycogen for sperm, the oocyte and embryo

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26
Q

What does the stratum functionalis contain?

A

Most of the uterine glands

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27
Q

What does the stratum basalis do?

A

Attaches the endometrium to the myometrium

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28
Q

What cells make up the uterine tube lining?

A

Ciliated and non-ciliated secretory columnar cells

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29
Q

How does the fallopian tube move an oocyte through it?

A

Using a combination of ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions.

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30
Q

What is the name of the finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube?

A

Fimbria

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31
Q

What are the fimbria covered in?

A

Cilia

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32
Q

How much does an ovary weigh?

A

5-10g

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33
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum, ampulla & isthmus

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34
Q

What are the 3 distinct regions of an ovary?

A

Outer ovarian cortex, central ovarian medulla, inner hilum

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34
Q

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

A

Ovarian stroma and steroid-producing cells

35
Q

What does the ovarian cortex contain?

A

Ovarian follicles

36
Q

What does the inner hilum do?

A

Act as a point of entry for nerves and blood vessels

37
Q

What does an oocyte initially start as?

A

Primordial follicle - single flat follicular cells that develop in granulosa cells

38
Q

What is the name of the oocyte once the follicles initially begin to grow?

A

Primary follicle

39
Q

Describe the structure of the primary follicle

A

Single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

40
Q

What causes follicles to grow?

A

FSH

41
Q

What cells begin to form around the primary follicle, and how do they form?

A

Thecal cells - condensation of ovarian stromal cell

41
Q

What does the primary follicle secrete and why?

A

Glycoproteins to form the zona pellucida

42
Q

What do thecal cells produce?

A

Steroid hormones

42
Q

What is the follicle called after the antrum is formed?

A

Secondary follicle

43
Q

What forms the follicular antrum?

A

Viscous follicular fluid produced by granulosa cells then coalesces

44
Q

Describe the thecal cells in the secondary oocyte

A

Glandular, high vascular theca interna, and fibrous capsule theca externa

45
Q

What is the innermost layer of granulosa cells called in a secondary follicle?

A

Corona radiata - attaches to outer zona pellucida cells

45
Q

What follows the secondary oocyte?Describe its structure

A

Mature follicle, the antrum grows oocyte is suspended in fluid, connected to the rum of the granulosa cells by a thin stalk

46
Q

What is the mass of loosely associated granulosa cells around the corona radiata called?

A

Cumulus oophorus

47
Q

How does an oocyte level the ovary? (Ovulation)

A

The follicle ruptures, and the oocyte is released and collected by the cilia on the fimbria

47
Q

What is the formation of the corpus luteum called, and what is secreted in this process?

A

Luteinisation, progestagens

48
Q

What happens in the ovary after the oocyte is released?

A

The antrum breaks down, and blood vessels invade, resulting in the corpus luteum

49
Q

What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?

A

2 weeks

49
Q

What structure follows the corpus luteum, and what is its fate?

A

Corpus albicans, it is absorbed back into the stromal tissue of the ovary over weeks to months

50
Q

What hormone stops the corpus luteum from being broken down?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

51
Q

What is the hormone that pregnancy tests detect?

A

hCG

51
Q

What produces hCG and when?

A

The embryo 8 days after fertilisation

52
Q

What is the futile cycle?

A

No fertilisation of the oocyte

53
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete in the fertile cycle?

A

Progesterone and oestrogens

54
Q

What is the fertile cycle?

A

Fertilisation of the oocyte

55
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

56
Q

What are the 2 phases in the ovarian cycle and their relative lengths?

A

Follicular phase (day 1 to ovulation 1-2 weeks) and luteal phase (ovulation to menstruation - 14 days)

57
Q

What are the 3 phases in the endometrial cycle?

A

Menstrual, proliferative and secretory

58
Q

How long does it take for an oocyte to be made and released?

A

~2 weeks

59
Q

What ovarian phase comes before ovulation?

A

Follicular

60
Q

What are the follicles that oocytes arise from?

A

Primordial follicles

61
Q

What ovarian phase comes after ovulation?

A

Luteal

62
Q

What does the growing follicle release?

A

Oestrogen

63
Q

What occurs in the follicular phase?

A

Growth of the follicle

64
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the female reproductive tract?

A

Produce an oocyte and incubate an embryo

65
Q

What occurs in the luteal phase?

A

Growth of the corpus luteum

66
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on the uterus after menstruation?

A

Leads to proliferation of the stratum functionalis

67
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the uterus after menstruation?

A

Leads to secretory phase - an ideal environment for the embryo to implant

68
Q

What hormone plays the largest role in the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen

68
Q

What occurrences do we see near day 28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Corpus luteum regresses

Low oestrogen & progesterone

Increased FSH

69
Q

What hormone plays the largest role in the secretion phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone

70
Q

What occurrences do we see at the beginning of the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH levels leads to increased follicular growth

71
Q

What occurs around day 7 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Dominant follicle is selected and oestradiol levels increase

72
Q

What is the effect of elevated progesterone levels?

A

Inhibition of GnRH so decreased LH and FSH levels

72
Q

What day in the menstrual cycle are oestrogen levels the highest?

A

Day 12

73
Q

What do the increased levels of oestradiol do to other hormone levels?

A

Production of LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary are supressed

74
Q

Describe the high oestrogen levels on day 12 of the menstrual cycle and what occurs.

A

If threshold level oestrogen is maintained for 36 hours there is a temporary switch from negative to positive feedback and GnRH is released leading to LH surge

75
Q

What day of the menstrual cycle are progesterone levels the highest?

A

Day 22

75
Q

What does the LH surge around day 12 of the menstrual cycle induce?

A

Ovulation

76
Q

What hormone levels increase after ovulation and why?

A

Progesterone, as a result of the corpus luteum developing

77
Q

What is the name of the oestrogen produced after menopause, and where is it produced?

A

Oestrone, by adipose tissue

78
Q

What is oogenesis and when does it begin?

A

Formation of gametes, before birth

79
Q

What is the glycoprotein layer between the oocyte and granulosa cells called?

A

Zona pellucida

80
Q

Where are the secretory cells of an ovarian follicle located? What do they secrete?

A

Theca interna, secretes oestrogen

81
Q

When is the endometrium at its thickest?

A

Late in the postovulatory phase

82
Q

At what stage in the menstrual cycle are progesterone levels highest?

A

Late in the postovulatory phase

82
Q

What are the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in a secondary follicle?

A

Cumulus oophorus

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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