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Medsci142 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What is enamel made of?

A

Crystalline rods of calcium phosphate and carbonate

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2
Q

What does Enamel not have?

A

Cells and nerves

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3
Q

What are dentin cells, and where are they found?

A

Odontoblasts in the pulp

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4
Q

What is the pulp, and what does it contain?

A

Soft tissue, contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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5
Q

What part of the tooth contains nerves?

A

The pulp

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6
Q

What links the bone socket to the cementum?

A

Periodontal ligament

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7
Q

What is the periodontal ligament attached to?

A

Cementum and bone socket

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8
Q

What are the 3 intrinsic muscles in the tongue?

A

Longitudinal (superior and inferior), transverse and vertical

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9
Q

What does contraction of the vertical tongue muscle cause?

A

Flattening of tongue

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10
Q

What does contraction of the longitudinal tongue muscles cause?

A

Withdrawing of tongue

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11
Q

What does contraction of the transverse tongue muscle cause?

A

Narrowing of tongue

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12
Q

What are the bumps on the tongue called?

A

Papillae

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of papillae?

A

Fungiform, filiform, vallate

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13
Q

Describe filiform papillae

A

Flexible, rough, no taste buds

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13
Q

Describe fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom-shaped, contain some taste buds

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14
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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14
Q

Describe vallate papillae

A

Surrounded by moat, contains taste buds

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15
Q

What cells do parotid glands contain?

A

Serous cells only

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16
Q

What cells do sublingual glands contain?

A

Mucous and serous (mainly mucous)

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17
Q

What cells do submandibular glands contain?

A

Mucous and serous

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18
Q

Describe the secretion of serous cells

A

Watery, rich in enzymes

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19
Q

What are the 2 enzymes found in saliva, and what are their functions?

A

Amylase - breaks down starch
Lysozyme - antibacterial

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20
Q

What does saliva consist of?

A

Water + mucous + enzymes

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21
Q

Describe mucous cell secretion and its purpose

A

Viscous, for lubrication

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22
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes through the epithelial lining of the gut into blood or lymph

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22
Q

What does digestion require?

A

Secretion

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23
Q

What is digestion?

A

Chemical breakdown of ingested food into absorbable molecules

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24
Q

What are the 4 ways in which the gut increases surface area?

A

Gross convolutions, luminal folds, evaginations, invaginations

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of luminal folds in the gut?

A

Plicae circularis & gastric rugae

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26
Q

Name a type of evagination in the gut

A

Intestinal villi

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27
Q

Name 2 types of invagination in the gut

A

Gastric glands & intestinal glands

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28
Q

What kind of folds are rugae?

A

Longitudinal folds

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29
Q

What kind of folds are plicae circularis?

A

Circular folds

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30
Q

Where would you find plicae circularis?

A

Small intestine

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31
Q

Where would you find rugae?

A

Stomach

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32
Q

What are the 4 tunics in the gut?

A

Mucosa (mucous membrane), submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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33
Q

What is the variable tunic layer?

A

Mucosa (mucous membrane)

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34
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Physical barrier between food and internal cells

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35
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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36
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelial layer of the mucosa?

A

Protection, absorption or secretion

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the lamina propria layer of the mucosa?

A

Structural support, supply and defence

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38
Q

Describe the lamina propria

A

Soft fibrous bed of loose connective tissue, carries nerves and blood capillaries, populated with defence cells

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38
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae

A

2 thin layers of smooth muscle - inner circular and outer longitudinal

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39
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

Thick bed of loose connective tissue carrying larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves (submucosal plexus nerve)

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40
Q

What is the purpose of the submucosa?

A

Connect the mucosa to the external muscle coat, but allow for movement between them

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41
Q

What nerve coordinates the movement of the muscularis mucosae?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus

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42
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Slippery outer covering of the gut tube (except oesophagus)

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43
Q

What is the external smooth muscle layer in the gut called?

A

Muscularis externa

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43
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serosa?

A

Outer mesothelium and connective tissue

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43
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the muscularis externa?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

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43
Q

What is the serosa also known as?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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44
Q

What nerve controls the muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric nerve plexus

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44
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus found?

A

Between the 2 smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa

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45
Q

What is the movement of both layers of muscularis externa called?

A

Peristalsis

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46
Q

What is the effect of SNS on gut activity?

A

Decreased activity

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47
Q

What is the effect of PSNS on gut activity?

A

Increased activity

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48
Q

Describe the oesophagus

A

Muscular tube from pharynx to stomach, 25cm long, posterior/dorsal to trachea, usually collapsed

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49
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the oesophagus?

A

Transport & protection against abrasion

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50
Q

What does not occur in the oesophagus?

A

No absorption or digestion - very little secretion

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51
Q

What are the travel times for solids and liquids in the oesophagus?

A

5 sec for solids, 1 sec for liquids

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52
Q

What are the 4 tunics?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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53
Q

What 3 layers usually make up the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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54
Q

Describe the epithelium of the oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous, renews every 7 days vis stem cells

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55
Q

What is the name of the nerve that innervates the muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric nerve plexus

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56
Q

What does the mucosa externa in the upper third of the oesophagus contain?

A

Skeletal muscle

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57
Q

What is the name of the nerve that innervates the muscularis mucosa?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus

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58
Q

What is the capacity of the stomach?

A

1.5 litres

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59
Q

What is the outlet sphincter of the stomach?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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60
Q

What is the inlet sphincter of the stomach?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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60
Q

What are the folds in the stomach called?

A

Rugae

60
Q

Describe rugae in the stomach

A

Transient, longitudinal folds

61
Q

What is the main function of the stomach?

A

Storage

62
Q

What are some of the functions of the stomach?

A

STORAGE

Secretion of acid, enzymes and mucous

Digestion of proteins by pepsin

Absorption of water, ions and some drugs (aspirin and alcohol)

Protection (against its own secretions and microbes)

Transport (mixing waves every 20 seconds_

63
Q

How do the stomach tunics differ?

A

Epithelia forms pits lined with mucous-secreting cells and gastric glands

Muscularis externa has an additional innermost oblique layer

64
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

65
Q

What is the entrance to the stomach called?

A

Cardia

66
Q

What is the top of the stomach called?

A

Fundus

67
Q

What do the body and fundus of the stomach do?

A

Secrete acid, enzymes and mucus

67
Q

What glands does the cardia mostly contain?

A

Mucous glands

67
Q

What glands does the pylorus mostly contain?

A

Mucous glands

68
Q

The pyloric sphincter is a thicking of which layer of the muscularis externa?

A

Inner circular layer

69
Q

What does failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter result in?

A

Reflux of stomach contents into the oesophagus

70
Q

What are the 6 cells types found in the epithelium of the stomach?

A

Surface mucous cells

Undifferentiated cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Enteroendocrine cells

Mucous neck cells

71
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the tooth?

A

Root, neck, crown

72
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the pit formed by stomach epithelium?

A

Gastric pit, neck, gastric glands

73
Q

What do surface mucous cells do (stomach)?

A

Secrete insoluble alkaline mucous to protect mucosa from acid & peptin

74
Q

What do undifferentiated cells do (stomach)?

A

Divide to generate new epithelium

74
Q

What do parietal cells do (stomach)?

A

Secrete H+ and Cl- to kill microbes/sterilize food

Secrete intrinsic factor

75
Q

What do chief cells do (stomach)?

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

75
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do (stomach)?

A

Secrete hormones e.g Gastrin

76
Q

What do mucous neck cells do (stomach)?

A

Secrete soluble acid mucous at meal times

77
Q

What does intrinsic factor do and how does this prevent anaemia?

A

Aid B12 absorption, which is essential for RBC haematopoiesis

78
Q

Where are chief cell granules located?

A

Apically

78
Q

What does HCl do in the stomach?

A

Kills microbes/sterilizes food

Create an acidic environment - helping to activate pepsin

79
Q

Where are enteroendocrine granules located

A

Basolateraly

80
Q

Why do parietal cells not secret HCl as a whole?

A

Too much HCl exposure would result in autodigestion

81
Q

What converts pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

Acid in the lumen of the gland

82
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Break down protein

83
Q

What is gastrin, and what does it do?

A

A hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine cells, which stimulates the secretion of acid and pepsinogen, increases muscular contractions of the stomach and relaxes the pyloric sphincter

84
Q

What are the 2 triggers of the enteroendocrine cells?

A

Stretch of stomach

Change in pH

85
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

86
Q

What are the epithelial cells that make up the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

87
Q

What are some of the functions of hepatocytes?

A

Multi-talented cells (>500 different functions)

Glycogen/glucose storage and release

RBC recycling

Bile synthesis and secretion

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Removal of toxins from blood

88
Q

What 3 things does every hepatocyte require access to?

A

Nutrient laden blood (from hepatic portal vein)

Oxygenated blood (from hepatic artery)

Ducts which drain bile to the gall bladder (bile ducts)

89
Q

How many sinusoids serve a hepatocyte?

A

At least 2

90
Q

What is a sinusoid?

A

Leaky, fenestrated capillaries that flow between hepatocytes allowing lymph (just not RBC) to pass through

91
Q

What is the name of the space in which lymph flows in the liver?

A

Lymph space of Disse

92
Q

What does bile flow through between hepatocytes?

A

Bile canaliculus

93
Q

What connects neighbouring hepatocytes?

A

Microvilli

93
Q

What forms a portal triad?

A

Bile duct, hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

94
Q

What is the name of the large vein running through the centre of a liver lobule?

A

Central vein

95
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in a liver lobule?

A

Towards the centre

96
Q

What is the direction of bile flow in a liver lobule?

A

Away from the centre

97
Q

What are the 2 functions of bile?

A

Emulsify fats and aid absorption

98
Q

What is the purpose of breaking down large fat globules into smaller fat globules?

A

Increase the SA for pancreatic lipases to digest globules

99
Q

What occurs as a result of no bile production?

A

Steatorrhea - fatty poop

100
Q

What flows into bile ducts?

A

Bile ductules

101
Q

What substance digests the majority of food?

A

Pancreatic enzymes

102
Q

What do pancreatic enzymes digest?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids & nucleic acids

103
Q

What percentage of the pancrease to islets of Langerhans cells make up?

A

1%

104
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Precursors of digestive enzymes/alkaline pancreatic juice

105
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct empty into?

A

Duodenum

106
Q

Where are pancreatic enzymes made in the pancreas?

A

Acini

107
Q

What do acini secrete their substances into?

A

Intercalated ducts

107
Q

What do intercalated ducts empty into?

A

Interlobular ducts

108
Q

What are the 3 inputs into the duodenum?

A

Acidic chyme from the stomach

Bile from the gallbladder

Pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas

109
Q

What is the diameter of the small intestine?

A

3cm

110
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

3m

111
Q

Where does most digestion & absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

112
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

25cm (12 finger-breadths)

113
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

114
Q

What 2 ducts empty into the duodenum?

A

Biliary and pancreatic

114
Q

What part of the small intestine is not suspended by mesentery?

A

Duodenum

115
Q

How long is the jejunum?

A

1m

116
Q

How long is the ileum?

A

2m

117
Q

What does the submucosa in the duodenum contain?

A

Brunner (mucous) glands

118
Q

What do Brunner glands do?

A

Produce bicarbonate rich mucous to buffer the acidic chyme and neutralise it to protect the cells of the small intestine and create the optimal enzymatic pH conditions

119
Q

What is the pH of chyme?

A

1-2

120
Q

What are the 4 surface area-increasing mechanisms of the small intestine?

A

Gross convolutions

Plicae circulares

Villi

Microvilli

121
Q

Describe plicae

A

1cm high, covered with mucosa, core of submucosa

122
Q

Describe villi

A

1mm high, epithelia covering with lamina propria core

123
Q

Describe microvilli

A

1um high, form brush border on surface of absorptive cells, covered with cell membrane and filled with cytoplasm

124
Q

What cells make up the epithelium of the small intestine?

A

Columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes)

Goblet cells

Enteroendocrine cells

Undifferentiated cells

Paneth cells

125
Q

Where are brunners glands located?

A

Submucosa in duodenum

126
Q

What cells of the gut have microvilli?

A

Enterocytes (absorptive cells)

127
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Stimulate the release of pancreatic juice

127
Q

What do entercytes do?

A

Absorb small molecules resulting from digestion

128
Q

What do the enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine do?

A

Secrete secretin & gastrin

129
Q

How do lipids move through lacteals?

A

Via milking by smooth muscle cells in the lamina propria of villi

130
Q

What drains lipids from the small intestine villi?

A

Lacteal

131
Q

What are intestinal glands also known as?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

132
Q

How long does the epithelium of the gut live?

A

~5 days

133
Q

What cells do not move up in the renewal of small intestine epithelium?

A

Paneth cells

134
Q

What do paneth cells secrete?

A

Bactericidal enzyme lysozyme

135
Q

Where are paneth cells located?

A

Only in the small intestine

136
Q

Besides secreting lysozyme, what else do paneth cells do?

A

Phagocytose

137
Q

Where do the smooth muscle fibres that milk the lacteal arise from?

A

muscularis mucosa

138
Q

What are the 2 key functions of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorb water & dehydration

139
Q

What are the 4 regions of the large intestine/colon?

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

140
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5m

141
Q

What are the 5 functions of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of salts & water (1L per day compared with 8L per day in the small intestine)

Conversion of chyme into feces

Bacteria produce some vitamins (B &K) which are absorbed

Secretion of mucous to lubricate feces

Defecation

142
Q

What is responsible for digestion in the cecum?

A

Bacteria

143
Q

Describe the content in feces

A

30% bacteria

30% dietary fibre

Cells shed from intestinal lining

144
Q

What is the colour of feces due to?

A

Bilirubin

145
Q

What contracts the colon, shortening it?

A

Teniae coli

146
Q

What are the sac-like pockets in the colon called?

A

Haustra coli

147
Q

What controls the flow of chyme into the cecum?

A

Ileocecal valve

148
Q

Describe the mucosa of the large intestine

A

No villi, many intestinal glands, enterocytes, goblet cells, undifferentiated cells and WBC

149
Q

What cells make up the epithelium of the large intestine?

A

Enterocytes (columnar absorptive cells)

Goblet cells

Undifferentiated cells

150
Q

How does the muscularis externa differ in the large intestine?

A

Outer longitudinal layer is thickened in 3 strips called teniae coli

151
Q

How long is the anal canal?

A

2cm

151
Q

How long is the rectum?

A

20cm

152
Q

How many sphincters control the anal canal?

A

2

153
Q

How fill is the rectum when you get the urge to defecate?

A

25%

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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