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Medsci142 > Human Reproduction Overview > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 endocrine glands controlling reproductive processes?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

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2
Q

What reproductive hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin

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3
Q

What reproductive hormones does the hypothalamus RELEASE?

A

GnRH

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3
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin 1. produced and 2. stored?

A

Produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.

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3
Q

How are hormones stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

In secretory vesicles which are triggered for release by the nerve impulses

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4
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Vasoconstriction

Increased BP and HR

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4
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Smooth muscle control (milk ejection and contraction of the uterus during childbirth)

Used to induce labour

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4
Q

What stimulates oxytocin secretion?

A

Nipple stimulation or uterine distension

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5
Q

How does the anterior pituitary contribute to the release/inhibition of gonadotropins?

A

Synthesizes releasing and inhibiting hormones which are stored in vesicles and are released in response to nerve impulse. The hormones then travel through the hypophyseal portal vessels where they act a specific clump of secretory cells and the termini of the portal blood vessel - e.g. gonadotrophs

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5
Q

What 2 hormones do gonadotrophs produce and release?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinising hormone (LH)

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5
Q

What is the site of secretion of LH?

A

Anterior pituitary

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5
Q

What is the site of secretion of FSH?

A

Anterior pituitary

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6
Q

What is the site of secretion of Oxytocin?

A

Posterior pituitary

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6
Q

What is the site of secretion of ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary

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7
Q

What is the site of GnRH’s secretion?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

What are the 3 sex steroid hormone classes?

A

Androgens

Oestrogens

Progestagens

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8
Q

What is the main androgen?

A

Testosterone

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9
Q

What is testosterone involved with (broadly speaking)?

A

Male sex development, spermatogenesis, sexual behaviour and muscle development

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9
Q

What is the more active form of testosterone called?

A

5-alpha dihydrotestosterone

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10
Q

How much less testosterone is produced in females compared with males?

A

10-100x less

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10
Q

What is Oestrogen responsible for (broad)?

A

Female sex development, regulation of menstrual cycle, growth of endometrium and bone growth

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10
Q

How much less oestrogen is produced in males compared with females?

A

10-100x less

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10
Q

What is the main production site for oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells of the growing follicle

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of oestrogen? Describe their characteristics.

A

Oestrodial - most potent, made in granulosa cells, produced from puberty to menopause

Oestrone - always present, also made by men, important post menopause

Oestrial - made by placenta, softens cervix

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11
Q

What produces progestagens?

A

The corpus luteum and placenta

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11
Q

What is the role of progestagens?

A

Provide the best environment for the embryo to implant and its maintenance.

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11
Q

Is progestagen produced in males?

A

No

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11
Q

What chromosome is the sex-determining gene found on?

A

Y

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12
Q

What is the sex determining gene?

A

SRY

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13
Q

What does the SRY gene do?

A

Provide the pathway for testes to develop

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13
Q

What are the female chromosomes?

A

XX

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13
Q

What are the male chromosomes?

A

XY

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14
Q

What occurs in the absence of the SRY gene?

A

Embryo develops into female

15
Q

What occurs in the presence of the SRY gene?

A

Embryo develops into male

15
Q

What is sex differentiation?

A

Phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced by the gonad

16
Q

Describe the pathway of male genitalia formation.

A

Mesoderm -> bipotential gonad –(SRY)-> Testis -> leydig cells (+ sertoli cells) -> testosterone -> wolffian duct development -> internal male genitals

Sertoli cells -> anti mullerian hormone (AMH) -> mullerian duct regression

16
Q

Describe the pathway of female genitalia formation.

A

Mesoderm -> bipotential gonad –(no SRY)-> ovary -> Oestrogens + progestagens -> mullerian duct development & wolffian duct regression -> internal female genitals

17
Q

At what stage in the embryo are the genitals undifferentiated (both Mullerian and Wolffian ducts present)?

A

5-6 weeks

17
Q

At what stage in the embryo does the male internal genitalia develop?

A

Weeks 7-8

18
Q

At what stage in the embryo does the female internal genitalia develop?

A

Weeks 8-9

18
Q

What does the Wolffian duct develop into?

A

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Seminal vesicles

19
Q

At what stage in pregnancy do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A

7th month

20
Q

What maintains the Wollfian ducts?

A

Testosterone secreted from the Leydig cells in testis

20
Q

What hormone is responsible for the regression of the Mullerian duct?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

20
Q

At what stage in a female embryo does the Wolffian duct begin to regress?

A

10 weeks

21
Q

What do the Mullerian ducts give rise to?

A

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Cervix

Upper vagina

21
Q

What does the genital tubercle of an undifferentiated embryo develop into in a male?

A

Glans penis

21
Q

What does the genital tubercle of an undifferentiated embryo develop into in a female?

A

Clitoris

21
Q

What do the urethral folds of an undifferentiated embryo develop into in a female?

A

Labia minora

22
Q

What does the labioscrotal swelling of an undifferentiated embryo develop into in a female?

A

Labia majora

23
Q

What do the urethral folds of an undifferentiated embryo develop into in a male?

A

They enclose the urethral tube and form the shaft of the penis

24
Q

What does the labioscrotal swelling of an undifferentiated embryo develop into in a male?

A

It fuses in the midline, forming the scrotum

25
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Person is XY and has testes, but external genitalia is female. Due to a mutation in androgen receptor genes preventing androgen function and ‘normal’ female external genitalia development occurs

26
Q

What is puberty?

A

Re-awakening of the reproductive system which leads to full secondary sexual maturation with capacity for reproduction

27
Q

What is the first endocrine sign of puberty?

A

Increase in LH level (as a result of an increase in GnRH release)

28
Q

What time of the day does GnRH release occur in early puberty?

A

At night during sleep

29
Q

What follows the early puberty rise in LH?

A

Rise in sex steroids (androgens, oestrogen)

30
Q

What is the first sign of secondary sexual maturation in females? What age does it tend to occur and why?

A

Breast development at age 10-11 in response to oestrogen secretions (breast bud followed by breast mound)

31
Q

What is the second occurrence in female puberty?

A

Pubic hair, occurs ~6 months after breast bud appearance

32
Q

When do females experience a growth spurt?

A

~ 12

32
Q

What does the early appearance of pubic hair indicate?

A

Problems with androgens

33
Q

When do males experience a growth spurt?

A

~ 13-15

33
Q

How long after pubic hair growth does armpit hair occur?

A

~ 1 year

33
Q

What is Menarche?

A

1st menstrual bleed (does not signal 1st ovulation)

34
Q

When does 1st ovulation tend to occur?

A

6-9 months after 1st menstrual bleed.

35
Q

What is the first sign of secondary sexual development in males?

A

Enlargement of the testicles

36
Q

Why does ovulation occur after the 1st few menstrual bleeds?

A

Positive feedback mechanisms of oestrogen have not developed

37
Q

What causes enlargement of the testicles when puberty begins?

A

Leydig cells enlarging and secreting testosterone

38
Q

How far into puberty does elongation and enlargement of the penile begin?

A

1 year

39
Q

How long after male pubic hair growth does armpit and facial hair grow?

A

18 months

40
Q

How long after the testicular enlargement does sexual hair growth occur?

A

6 months

41
Q

What is spermache?

A

Motile sperm seen in urine?

42
Q

At what age does spermache first occur?

A

13-14 years

43
Q
A
44
Q

What are the ages for precocious puberty in males and females?

A

< 7 for girls
<9 for boys

45
Q

What are the ages for delayed puberty in males and females?

A

> 13 in girls
14 in boys

46
Q

What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in both male and female gonads?

A

Acts on the ovaries to stimulate the growth and development of gametes.

Acts on the testes to stimulate the production of gametes.

47
Q

What is the role of luteinising hormone (LH) in both male and female gonads?

A

Acts on the ovaries to trigger ovulation and promote the sythesis and release of ovarian hormones.

Acts on the testes to promote the synthesis of testosterone.

48
Q

What is the sequence of key events in female puberty?

A

Breast budding, pubic hair, menarche, ovulation

49
Q

What is the sequence of key events in male puberty?

A

Testes enlargement, pubic hair, penile enlargement

50
Q
A

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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