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Medsci142 > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the pyramidal tract?

A

Initiating, controlling and stopping voluntary movement

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2
Q

What are the 3 major subdivisions of the brain?

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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3
Q

What is the frontal association cortex responsible for?

A

Intelligence, behaviour, personality, mood, cognitive function

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4
Q

What is the Non-dominant hemisphere (right) responsible for?

A

Non-verbal language, emotional expression, spatial skills, conceptual understanding, artistic/musical skills

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5
Q

What is the temporal association cortex responsible for?

A

Memory, mood, aggression, intelligence

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6
Q

What is the dominant (left) hemisphere responsible for?

A

Speech & language

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7
Q

What is the Parietal Association Cortex responsible for?

A

3D recognition, spatial skills

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8
Q

Effects of injury on right/non-dominant hemisphere

A

Loss of non-verbal language

Speech lacks emotion

Spatial disorientation

Inability to recognise familiar objects

Loss of musical appreciation

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9
Q

Brocas and Wernickes areas are linked by…

A

Arcuate Fasciculus (arch shaped white matter tract)

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10
Q

What is Wernickes are responsible for?

A

Speech/language recognition

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11
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

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12
Q

Lesion to Wernickes area results in…

A

fluent/sensory aphasia (words not understood)

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13
Q

Where is Brocas area?

A

inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

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14
Q

What is Brocas area responsible for?

A

Planning of speech movements

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15
Q

Lesion to Brocas area results in…

A

Non-fluent/motor aphasia (cannot produce words)

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Lesion to arcuate fasciculus results in…

A

conduction aphasia (response to words heard is inappropriate)

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18
Q

What is Exners area responsible for?

A

Control of hand/finger movement associated with writing

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19
Q

What is the Supramarginal Language Area responsible for?

A

Reading

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20
Q

Where is Exners area?

A

Pre motor cortex in the frontal lobe

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21
Q

What is the Angular gyrus language area responsible for?

A

Writing

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22
Q

What does the lateral fissure do?

A

Separates temporal and frontal lobes, and partially separates temporal and parietal lobes

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23
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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24
Q

What are the 5 nerve regions named?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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25
Q

What are the 3 meninges called?

A

Pia Matar, Arachnoid Mater, Dura Mater

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26
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8 (C1-C8)

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27
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12 (T1-T12)

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28
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5 (L1-L5)

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29
Q

How many sacral nerves are there?

A

5 (S1-S5)

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30
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1 pair

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31
Q

At what vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

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32
Q

What is the name for the bundle of nerves ‘hanging off’ the end of the spinal cord?

A

Cauda Equina

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33
Q

What is the name for the ‘string’ which anchors the spinal cord?

A

Filum Terminale Internum/Externum (externum is outside conus medullaris)

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34
Q

Cone at end of spinal cord is called….

A

Conus medullaris

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35
Q

What are the main symptoms of parkinsons disease?

A

Tremors, rigidity, flat mood, bradykinesia

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36
Q

What does an interneuron do?

A

Helps conveys motor information to move big trunk muscles

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37
Q

What 2 structures does the striatum consist of?

A

Putamen & Caudate Nucleus

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38
Q

What is the receptor responsible for touch sensation?

A

Meissners corpuscle

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39
Q

What is the receptor responsible for pressure sensation?

A

Paccinian corpsucle

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40
Q

What type of info does the dorsal gray matter horn convey?

A

Sensory

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41
Q

What type of info does the ventral gray matter horn convey?

A

Motor

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42
Q

What type of info does the intermediate gray matter horn convey?

A

Automatic

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43
Q

What is the result of a lesion to an UMN?

A

Spastic paralysis

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44
Q

What is the result of a lesion to a LMN?

A

Flaccid paralysis

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45
Q

What does a lesion to the spinal cord result in?

A

Dissociative sensory loss (sensation lost from same side for touch, opposite side for pain)

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46
Q

What does a lesion to the brain stem results in?

A

Associative sensory loss (sensation and pain lost from opposite side of body to lesion)

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47
Q

Where does the discriminative pathway decussate?

A

Internal arcuate fibres/lower medulla, at the dorsal column nuclei

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48
Q

Where does the non-discriminative pathway decussate?

A

Anterior white commissure in spinal cord

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49
Q

Where does the 1st neuron of the discriminative pathway terminate?

A

Dorsal column nuclei (gracile & caudate nucleus)

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50
Q

Where does the 1st neuron of the non-discriminative pathway terminate?

A

Substantia gelatinosa in the the dorsal gray horn

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51
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Coordinates smooth movements

Initiation of movement

Modification of movement

Expression of mood

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52
Q

What does a lesion to one side of the basal ganglia result in?

A

Unrefined movements of the opposite side of the body

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53
Q

What does a lesion to one side of the cerebellum result in?

A

Uncoordinated movements and loss of balance on the same side of the body

54
Q

What is the medial lemniscus?

A

A white matter column in the brain stem

55
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A white matter tract carrying info between the 2 hemispheres

56
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

A narrow passage linking the 3rd and 4th ventricles

57
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

The roof of the midbrain which play a small role in controlling eye movements (superior) and movements related to auditory stimuli (inferior)

58
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

In the superior temporal gyrus

59
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

White matter tracts which make up the floor of the midbrain and carry info between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord and pons

60
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter tracts?

A

Commisural, association, projection

61
Q

What is a pallidotomy?

A

Destruction of globus pallidus cells

62
Q

Name 1 type of commissural fibres

A

Corpus callosum

63
Q

Name 1 type of association fibres

A

Arcuate fasciculus

64
Q

Name 2 types of projection fibres

A

Spinothalamic, corticospinal

65
Q

What produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

66
Q

The primary auditory area displays _______ arrangement

A

Tototopic

67
Q

Higher pitch sounds are processed ________ in the brain

A

Deeper/more medially

68
Q

Lower pitch sounds are processed ________ in the brain

A

Closer to the surface/more laterally

69
Q

What are the 3 functions of CSF

A

Mechanical protection (shock absorbing)

Homeostatic function (pH)

Circulation (exchange of nutrients & waste)

70
Q

Describe the pathway of CSF

A

Choroid plexuses in lateral ventricles -> lateral ventricles -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle

71
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

Between the right and left halves of the thalamus, over and around the intermediate mass

72
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

Between brain stem and cerebellum

73
Q

What reabsorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid villi of the arachnoid mater

74
Q

What is a cluster of arachnoid villi called?

A

Arachnoid granulation

75
Q

Which part of the brain contains the most neurons?

A

Cerebellum

76
Q

What type of control does the cerebellum have? (in regards to side of body)

A

Ipsilateral

77
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Balance & posture

Adjusts movement for error

Smooth movement

Unconscious movement

78
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct found?

A

Midbrain

79
Q

What are the 3 parts of the midbrain?

A

Colliculi, penducles, cerebral aqueduct

80
Q

What are the penducles?

A

White matter tracts in the midbrain

81
Q

What are the 2 colliculi and what are their functions?

A

Superior - reflex to action of sight

Inferior - reflex to action of sound

82
Q

What functional area of the brain does the calcarine sulcus highlight?

A

Primary and secondary visual areas

83
Q

What 3 structures does the hindbrain consist of?

A

Pons, medulla, cerebellum

84
Q

What do the nuclei found in the medulla and pons control?

A

Breathing and heart function

85
Q

Where are the frontal eye fields found?

A

Pre-motor cortex

86
Q

Is Exners area above/more medial or below/more lateral than the frontal eye fields?

A

Above/more medial

87
Q

What is the fattiest organ in the body?

A

The brain

88
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebrum and lateral ventricles

89
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

90
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cranial dura mater?

A

Periosteal (external) & Meningeal (internal)

91
Q

What separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Falx cerebri

92
Q

What separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Falx cerebelli

93
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

94
Q

What is the area that receives impulses for taste called?

A

Primary gustatory area

95
Q

What is the area that receives impulses for smell called?

A

Primary olfactory area

96
Q

What lobe contains the primary gustatory area?

A

Parietal

97
Q

What lobe contains the primary olfactory area?

A

Temporal

98
Q

What lobe & hemisphere contains the facial recognition area?

A

Temporal & non-dominant (right)

99
Q

What is the area that receives impulses from the primary olfactory area called?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

100
Q

What 5 nuclei make up the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Subthalamic Nucleus

Substantia Nigra

101
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the Substantia Nigra to the striatum?

A

Dopamine

102
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the Striatum to the Substantia Nigra?

A

GABA

103
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the Striatum to the Globus pallidus?

A

GABA

104
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the Globus Pallidus externa to interna?

A

GABA

105
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the Globus Pallidus interna to the VA-VL nucleus in the thalamas?

A

GABA

106
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the VA-VL nucleus to the Primary Motor cortex?

A

Glutamate

106
Q

Is Brocas area inferior (below) or superior (above) to exners area?

A

Inferior

106
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the primary motor cortex to the striatum?

A

Glutamate

107
Q

What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus?

A

To align speech recognition/comprehension with speech production

108
Q

What are the protective structures of the spinal cord?

A

The meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

The vertebrae

109
Q

What passes through the dorsal root of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory fibres of the spinal nerve

110
Q

What passes through the ventral root of the spinal cord?

A

The motor fibres of the spinal nerve

111
Q

What are the symptoms of a spastic paralysis?

A

Increased muscle activation and jerky movements

111
Q

What region of the thalamus to both the spinothalamic and medial lemniscus pathway terminate?

A

Ventro posterior region

112
Q

What are the symptoms of a flaccid paralysis?

A

Decreased muscle activation and no nervous control of muscle

113
Q

What do association fibres link?

A

Gyri of the same hemisphere (arcuate fasciculus)

114
Q

What do commisural fibres link?

A

Hemispheres (corpus callosum)

115
Q

What do projection fibres link?

A

Superior and inferior structures (e.g. internal capsule)

116
Q

What is the potential danger of pallidotomy as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Damage to the optic nerve

117
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus in the brain?

A

Regulate emotions and pain

118
Q

According to the homunculus concept, which area of the body has the largest representation in the primary motor cortex?

A

Hands and mouth

119
Q

What is the function of the mamillary body?

A

Memory

120
Q

What part of the brain reflexes to sight?

A

Superior colliculus

121
Q

What part of the brain reflexes to sound?

A

Inferior colliculus

122
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

Forebrain: Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, pituitary, and third ventricle

123
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into?

A

Pons, cerebellum and upper part of the fourth ventricle

124
Q

What does the myelencephalon develop into?

A

The medulla and lower part of the fourth ventricle

125
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater called (around the brain)?

A

External periosteal and internal meningeal

126
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

Pons, cerebellum, medulla, fourth ventricle

127
Q

What are corticopontine fibres between?

A

Cortex and pons

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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