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Medsci142 > Endocrine & Autocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine & Autocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the pre-ganglionic nerve axons of both the SNS & PSNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

What kind of hormone uses a secondary messenger?

A

Water soluble hormones

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3
Q

Name 2 types of lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

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4
Q

What is the name of the receptor inside cells that responds to lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Nucleorecepter

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5
Q

What is the most common second messenger?

A

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

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6
Q

What do lipid-soluble hormones do inside cells?

A

Turn specific genes of the nuclear DNA on/off

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7
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce and where do they go?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituatary

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8
Q

What produces releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

The hypothalamus

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9
Q

Do water-soluble hormones use a transport protein?

A

No

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10
Q

What do paracrine hormones act on?

A

Nearby target cells

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11
Q

What do autocrine hormones act on?

A

The same cell

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12
Q

Describe the effect/process of water-soluble proteins on a cell

A

Bind with a surface receptor on cell (GPCR), activate adenyl cyclyse which converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP then activates protein kinases, activated protein kinases phosphorylate other protein kinases, causing a cascade and eventually producing a physiological response

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12
Q

What do endocrine hormones act on?

A

Distant target cells

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13
Q

What inactivates cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

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14
Q

What connects the pituitary with the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum and hypophyseal portal veins

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15
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

At least 7

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16
Q

What is the first event to happen in the body due to danger?

A

Sympathetic nerve signals affecting various body functions

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17
Q

What is excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system following emotional stress of exposure to cold known as?

A

Raynaud disease

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18
Q

What is a common symptom of Raynaud’s disease?

A

Chronic vasoconstriction leading to white appearance in fingers and toes

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons release?

A

Norepinephrine (or acetylcholine when acting on sweat glands)

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21
Q

Are post-ganglionic autonomic neurons myelinated?

A

No

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22
Q

Are pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons myelinated?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What is another name for neurons that release ACh?

A

Cholinergic

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24
Q

What is another name for neurons that release NE?

A

Adrenergic

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25
Q

What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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26
Q

What is the effector of the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle

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26
Q

What is the 2-neuron pathway also known as?

A

Autonomic

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27
Q

What is the 1-neuron pathway also known as?

A

Somatic

28
Q

What is the sensory input of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Interoceptors

29
Q

What is the sensory input of the somatic nervous system?

A

Special and somatic senses

30
Q

What is the control of input for the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary: limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem & spinal cord

30
Q

What is the control of input for the somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary: cerebral cortex

31
Q

What is meant by ‘inducible system’?

A

Up when we need it, down when we don’t

32
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the alarm response?

A

Sympathetic

33
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the relaxation response?

A

Parasympathetic

34
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic control on the body? (12)

A

Increased heart rate

Dilated pupils

Dilation of bronchi in lungs and faster breathing

Decreased salivation

Constriction of peripheral blood vessels

Contraction of arrector pili muscles (goose flesh)

Increased sweat

Decreased digestion

Increased blood sugar

Increased blood pressure

Increased water retention

35
Q

What are the effects of parasympathetic control on the body? (6)

A

Decreased heart rate

Contraction of pupils

Increased saliva

Constriction of bronchi - slower breathing

Dilation of peripheral blood vessels

Increased digestion

36
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Behaviour patterns

Circadian rhythm

Eating & drinking

Homeostasis

37
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

Exercise

Emotion

Excitement

38
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

Repletion

Rest

Relaxation

39
Q

What is the ‘central trunk’ of the endocrine system?

A

HPA - hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands

40
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus produce to control the anterior pituitary?

A

9

41
Q

How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

42
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary produce to control endocrine organs?

A

7

42
Q

What is the very outer layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

Capsule

43
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control together?

A

Growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis

44
Q

What is the inner layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

Medulla

45
Q

What is the second-most outer layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

Cortex

46
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

Just above the kidneys

47
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

48
Q

What is the action of the adrenal medulla?

A

Enhance and sustain the immediate sympathetic alarm response

49
Q

What stimulates the adrenal medulla?

A

Acetylcholine from preganglionic neurons

50
Q

What is meant by ‘inducible system’

A

Up when we need it, down when we don’t

51
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) & Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

52
Q

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?

A

ACTH from the anterior pituitary

52
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

A

CRH released from the hypothalamus

53
Q

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release mineralocorticoids?

A

Increased K+ and angiotensin 2 in blood

54
Q

What is the principal action of mineralocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Increase blood Na+ & water and decrease blood K+

(leading to increased blood volume and pressure)

55
Q

What is the principal action of glucocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Resistance reaction to stress, dampens inflammation and depresses immune system

56
Q

What are the effects of the alarm response (5)?

A

Pounding heart

Cold sweat

Pale skin

Goose flesh

Rapid breathing

57
Q

Why is it important for inflammation to be controlled?

A

So not too much tissue is broken down

58
Q

What are the 6 actions of cortisol and their consequences?

A

Increase protein breakdown (AA available for protein synthesis)

Gluconeogenesis in the liver (Glucose available for ATP production)

Lipolysis in adipose tissue (Fatty acid availability)

Altered blood vessel sensitivity to vasoconstriction (BP increase)

Anti-inflammatory to limit tissue damage (Slower tissue repair and wound healing)

Alter immune responsiveness (increased susceptibility to some infections)

59
Q

What inhibits the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

A

Elevated cortisol levels

60
Q

What inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus?

A

Elevated cortisol

61
Q

How fast does the alarm response occur?

A

Milliseconds-seconds

61
Q

How fast does the extended alarm response occur?

A

seconds - minutes

61
Q

What are the effects of the resistance reaction?

A

Increased glucose, fatty acids & amino acids

Elevated blood pressure

Reduced inflammation

Altered immunity

62
Q

What are the 2 types of stress?

A

Eustress (acute)

Distress (chronic)

63
Q

How fast does the resistance reaction response occur?

A

minutes - hours

63
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Oxytocin & ADH

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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