Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medsci142 > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What cells do sperm arise from?

A

Spermatogonial stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does mitotic division occur in sperm production?

A

Basal layer of sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules in the testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many chromosomes to spermatogonia have?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to the residual body of a sperm?

A

It is phagocytosed by the sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules run into?

A

The rete testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an orchidectomy?

A

Removal of a testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs if the testes do not descend to the scrotum?

A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the rete testis run into?

A

The epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the epididymis run into?

A

The vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs in the epididymis?

A

Sperm acquire the ability to be motile and fertilise.

Excess fluid is also reabsorbed making the sperm 100x more concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long to sperm spend in the epididymis?

A

10-14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Wider region of vas deferens which contains very concentrated sperm storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long can sperm be stored in the vas deferns?

A

Several months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the seminiferous tubules located?

A

The testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the name of the cell in which a sperm first starts to be made?

A

Sertoli cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is found outside of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

At what stage in life does spermatogenesis begin?

A

After puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much does the average testis weigh?

A

18g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many sperm does the average male produce per second?

A

300-600 sperm per gram of testis tissue per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Mitosis, Meiosis, Cytodifferentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of spermatogenesis?

A

Stage 1: Mitosis. A spermatogonial stem cell (2n) divides to produce 1 daughter cell (2n) and 1 spermatogonial stem cell. The daughter cell then migrates through the tight junctions of Sertoli cells into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule, where is is called a primary spermatocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of spermatogenesis?

A

Stage 2: Meiosis. The primary spermatocyte’s DNA content doubles (still 2n), and Meiosis 1 occurs, resulting in 2 secondary spermatocytes (n). Meiosis 2 occurs, producing 4 spermatids (n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens in stage 3 of spermatogenesis?

A

Stage 3: spermiogenesis/cytodifferentiation. Round spermatids form a tail, midpiece, and head. Spermatozoa are found in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the names of the cells as they progress through spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatids -> spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name of the sack on a sperms head and what is its function?

A

Acrosome, contains enzymes to help sperm penetrate oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In males, what does LH act on and what is its effect?

A

LH acts on Leydig cells in the testes and causes testosterone to be produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the effect of testosterone released from leydig cells?

A

Testosterone travels through the blood and can become dihydrotestosterone, which result in secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone also acts on sertoli cells to produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some of the common secondary sexual characteristics in males?

A

Aggressiveness

Libido

Hair growth

Baldness

Enlarged testicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the effect of FSH on Sertoli cells?

A

Causes Sertoli cells to produce ABP (androgen binding protein) which allows testosterone (released from the leydig cells) to travel around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is testosterone production controlled?

A

Testosterone travels to the hypothalamus to downregulate the production of GnRH. It can also turn of the production of FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary. (Negative feedback loop).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does kisspeptin do?

A

Stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is ABP production regulated?

A

Sertoli cells produce inhibin which regulates FSH production in the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the name of the protein that stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH?

A

Kisspeptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the incidence of male infertility?

A

1 in 6 men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 treatments for male infertility?

A

IVF and ICSI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is reduced sperm count known as?

A

Oligospermia

31
Q

What is a common feature of male infertility?

A

Reduced sperm count - <20 million/ml

32
Q

What is no sperm in ejaculate known as?

A

Azoospermia

33
Q

How many sperm are required for IVF?

A

50,000 motile sperm

34
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In vitro fertilisation

35
Q

What does ICSI stand for?

A

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

36
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

The scrotum

36
Q

What is the removal of a testi
called?

A

Orchidectomy

37
Q

At what stage in life do the testes move from the pelvis to the scrotum?

A

During pregnancy

38
Q

What is the incidence of cryptorchidism?

A

3%

38
Q

What is it called if the testes do not descend into the scrotum?

A

Cryptorchidism

39
Q

What is the result of cryptorchism?

A

Infertility and prone to testicular cancer

40
Q

Describe the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubule

A

Seminiferous tubule -> rete testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct

41
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are found in each testis?

A

~80

42
Q

What are the 4 main ducts apart of the male reproductive tract?

A

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Urethra

43
Q

How long is the urethra?

A

20cm

43
Q

How long is the vas deferens?

A

45cm

44
Q

What structures join into the ejaculatory duct?

A

Vas deferens, bladder, seminal vesicles

45
Q

What are the 2 accessory glands of the male reproductive tract?

A

Seminal vesicles & prostate

46
Q

Describe the substance produced by the seminal vesicles

A

Mucoid, sticky, alkaline, contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins

46
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do?

A

Secrete a substance into the ejaculatory duct which washes the sperm down the urethra

47
Q

What do the clotting proteins in seminal fluid do?

A

Allow the sperm to ‘stick’ inside the female so it is not removed during intercourse.

48
Q

What shape and size is the prostate?

A

Donut shaped, golf ball sized

49
Q

What does the prostate secrete, and when?

A

Prostatic fluid, before of sperm during ejaculation

50
Q

What does prostatic fluid do?

A

Breaks down the coagulum in the female so the sperm isn’t stuck forever and can swim to the oocyte

50
Q

What is the pH of semen?

A

7.5

50
Q

Describe prostate fluid

A

Slightly acidic (6.5), milky coloured, contains citrate, phosphate, calcium and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

51
Q

How many sperm does normal human ejaculate contain per ml?

A

20 million

51
Q

Describe the makeup of semen (in order of it’s exit from the penis)- including approximate percentages

A

30% prostatic fluid

10% sperm

60% seminal vesicle fluid

51
Q

What percentage of men’s cancer mortalities does prostate cancer contribute?

A

29%

52
Q

What does BPH stand for, and what is it?

A

Benign prostate hyperplasia - overgrowth of the prostate tissue

52
Q

What are the 2 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, and what are their half-lives?

A

Finasteride - 5-7 hours

Dutasteride - 5 weeks

52
Q

What occurs as a result of BPH?

A

Weakening of the bladder as urethra is occluded

Urinary infections

Kidney problems

52
Q

What is the approximate volume of human ejaculate?

A

2-5mls

52
Q

What is the incidence of BPH?

A

90% of men over 85yrs

52
Q

What are the 2 treatments for BPH?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Selective 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors - stops prostate from enlarging by stopping testosterone from converting to dihydrotestosterone
53
Q

What do prostate screening tests detect?

A

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

53
Q

What are the 3 major structures of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa (x2)

Corpus spongiosum

Penile urethra

54
Q

What are the 4 treatment methods for prostate cancer?

A

Watchful waiting (detect and monitor closely)

Androgen depletion (5 alpha reductase inhibitors, castration, inhibitors of androgen synthesis)

Inhibition of testosterone action (block androgen receptor)

Surgery - prostatectomy

54
Q

What are the corpora cavernosa?

A

The main erectile tissue which fills with blood

55
Q

Describe the corpus spongiosum?

A

Surrounds the penile urethra and prevents it’s occlusion during an erection. Also fills with blood during an erection.

55
Q

Does the corpora cavernosa lie dorsal or ventral to the corpus spongiosum?

A

Ventral

56
Q

Release: what 2 things cause smooth muscle relaxation in the corpora cavernose?

A

NO and prostaglandin E1

57
Q

How much more blood does an erect penis contain compared with a flaccid penis?

A

8x more

58
Q

What is the name of the secondary messenger that contributes to the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpora cavernosa, and what does it do?

A

Guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) - reduces intracellular calcium

59
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down GMP? What does the breakdown of GMP lead to?

A

Phosphodiesterase - leads to less relaxation so no erection.

60
Q

What does Viagra do (at the molecular level)?

A

Inhibits phosphodiesterase (type 5) so that GMP is not broken down and arteries in the corpora cavernosa remain relaxed, allowing an erection to occur.

61
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone?

A

5 alpha reductase

62
Q

During which decade of life will the incidence of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) be approximately 35%?

A

70-79

63
Q

During which decade of life will the incidence of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) be rare?

A

Under 40

63
Q

During which decade of life will the incidence of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) be approximately 27%?

A

60-69

64
Q

During which decade of life will the incidence of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) be approximately 17%?

A

50-59

65
Q

What is the incidence of BPH at ages 50-59?

A

17%

66
Q

What is the incidence of BPH at ages 60-69?

A

27%

67
Q

What is the incidence of BPH at ages 70-79?

A

35%

68
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous initiates and maintains an erection?

A

Parasympathetic

69
Q

What is one enzyme that the acrosome of a sperm cell contains?

A

Hyaluronidase

Medsci142 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions