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Medsci142 > Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pump of the systemic circuit?

A

left ventricle

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2
Q

What percent of the total blood volume is in the systemic circuit?

A

85%

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3
Q

What percent of the total blood volume is contained in the ventricles?

A

7%

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4
Q

How many chambers are there?

A

4 (2 atria, 2 ventricles)

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5
Q

What are the veins that enter the right atrium?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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6
Q

Veins carry blood…

A

to the heart

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7
Q

Arteries carry blood…

A

away from the heart

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8
Q

What are the muscle ridges inside the ventricles called?

A

Trabeculae Carnae

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9
Q

How many veins enter the left atrium, and what are their name?

A

4 pulmonary veins

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10
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

A

Carry blood to the lungs through the left and right pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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12
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

supply blood to the heart

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13
Q

The inlet valves are closed when…

A

the pressure is higher inside the ventricle than the atrium

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14
Q

The inlet valves are open when…

A

the pressure inside the atrium is higher than the ventricles

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15
Q

What are the 2 inlet valves?

A

Tricuspid & mitral

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16
Q

What are the 2 outlet valves?

A

Pulmonary & aortic

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17
Q

The outlet valves are open when…

A

the pressure inside the ventricles is higher than the arteries

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18
Q

The outlet valves are closed when

A

the pressure inside the ventricles is lower than the arteries

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19
Q

Total blood volume in average person is…

A

5L

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20
Q

How many litres of blood does each ventricle pump per min?

A

5L

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21
Q

What are the venous veins which travel between organ capillary beds called?

A

Portal veins

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22
Q

What is the vein between the gut and liver called?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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23
Q

Why is heart surgery rarely done via posterior entry?

A

Damage to the spinal cord

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24
Q

What is the sulcus of the heart called?

A

Interventricular Sulcus (anterior/posterior)

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25
Q

Describe the walls of the right atrium.

A

Inside posterior wall is smooth

Inside anterior wall is rough due to pectinate muscles

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26
Q

Describe the walls of the left atrium.

A

Inside walls (both posterior and anterior) are smooth as the pectinate muscles are confined to the left auricle.

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27
Q

What is the thickest chamber of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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28
Q

How many ml of blood do the ventricles contain when full?

A

~120ml

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29
Q

How many ml of blood do the ventricles contain after contraction?

A

~60ml

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30
Q

What are the 2 largest veins in the body?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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31
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton made of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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32
Q

What valve does the fibrous skeleton not attach to?

A

Pulmonary valve

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33
Q

Papillary muscles are contracting when…

A

the mitral and tricuspid valves are closing

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34
Q

Why is it good that the atria and ventricles do not contract at the same time?

A

The inlet valves would be forced closed as the ventricles are stronger than the atria and blood would therefore not enter the heart.

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35
Q

What is the name of the muscle wall between the ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

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36
Q

What is the name of the muscle wall between the atria?

A

Interatrial septum

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37
Q

Describe the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart.

A

Sinoatrial node -> atrial muscle -> atrioventricular node -> atrioventricular bundle (of His) -> purkinje fibres inside ventricle wall

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38
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

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39
Q

What is diastole?

A

Filling

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40
Q

From where do the coronary arteries arise?

A

Ascending aorta, downstream of the aortic valve

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41
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava

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42
Q

What is the first heart sound (lupp) created by?

A

Closing of the atrioventricular valves

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43
Q

What is the second heart sound (dub) created by?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves

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44
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain

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45
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

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46
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Atrial flutter - not full contraction of the atria

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47
Q

What is the role of the papillary muscles?

A

Tighten the chordae tendineae during contraction

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48
Q

What is the role of the chordae tendineae?

A

Keep the atrioventricular valves shut/prevent eversion during ventricular ejection/systole

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49
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall in order from inner to outer?

A

Endocardium -> myocardium -> epicardium/visceral pericardium -> pericardial space (filled with serous fluid) -> parietal pericardium -> fibrous pericadium

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50
Q

What is the myocardium made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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51
Q

What initiates a heartbeat?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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52
Q

What comprises the apex of the heart?

A

Tip of the left ventricle

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53
Q

What forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

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54
Q

What forms the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

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55
Q

What forms the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle (and partly left atria & auricle)

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56
Q

What forms the superior border of the heart?

A

Left atrium (and part of the right atrium)

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57
Q

What is the shape of the right ventricle in cross-section?

A

Crescent

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58
Q

The aortic valve sits ________ to the pulmonary trunk.

A

Posterior

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59
Q

What valves are the largest?

A

The inlet valves (atrioventricular - tricuspid & mitral)

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60
Q

When do atrioventricular valves open?

A

When pressure in the ventricles falls below atrial pressure

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61
Q

When are all heart valves closed?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction & relaxation (for a split second)

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62
Q

What is the left ventricle: right ventricle peak pressure ratio?

A

5:1

63
Q

What is the left ventricle: right ventricle wall thickness ratio?

A

3:1

64
Q

What part of the conduction system conducts the slowest?

A

Fibres of the AV node

65
Q

What part of the conduction system conducts the fastest?

A

AV bundle -> Purkinje fibres

66
Q

What stimulates the atria to contract?

A

SA node

67
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava.

68
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Major coronary vein which cardiac veins drain into

69
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

In the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart

70
Q

Why do the semilunar valves lack chordae tendineae?

A

When closed, the cusps remain stable because of their cup shape.

71
Q

Where does blood from the pulmonary veins flow into?

A

Left atrium

72
Q

What is the pericardial space normally filled with?

A

Serous fluid

73
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

74
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

75
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

76
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

77
Q

Where does the blood from the vena cava veins flow into?

A

Right atrium

78
Q

Describe the structure of coronary arteries.

A

Small muscular arteries, matchstick size

79
Q

What is the innermost layer of blood vessels called?

A

Tunica intima

80
Q

What is the middle layer of blood vessel walls called?

A

Tunica media

81
Q

What is the outer layer of blood vessel walls called?

A

Tunica externa

82
Q

What 2 types of blood vessels only have a tunica externa?

A

Arterioles & venules

83
Q

What type of blood vessel has only endothelium?

A

Capillary

84
Q

What are the 6 main types of blood vessels?

A

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

85
Q

Elastic artery walls comprise what percentage of their diameter?

A

10%

86
Q

What is the largest type of blood vessel?

A

Elastic arteries

87
Q

Where are elastic arteries found?

A

Near the heart

88
Q

What do elastic arteries contain in their tunica media

A

Many thin sheets of elastin

89
Q

What do muscular arteries contain in there tunica media

A

Many layers of smooth muscle

90
Q

Muscular artery walls comprise what percentage of their diameter?

A

25%

91
Q

What do Arterioles do?

A

Control the flow of blood between arteries and capillaries, prevent high pressures flowing into capillaries and direct flow to capillaries that need it.

92
Q

What blood vessels have the largest pressure drop?

A

Arterioles

93
Q

Structure of arteriole walls

A

1-3 layers of circular smooth muscle in tunica media

94
Q

Arteriole walls comprise what percentage of their diameter?

A

50%

95
Q

What blood vessels have the largest wall thickness: total diameter ratio?

A

Arterioles

96
Q

What is the purpose of capillaries?

A

Allow the exchange of nutrients, gases and waste between blood and surrounding tissue

97
Q

Is blood flow through capillaries fast or slow?

A

Slow

98
Q

How wide are capillaries?

A

1 RBC wide

99
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

A single layer of endothelium

100
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

A network of capillaries belonging to a system

101
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

Low pressure vessels which drain capillary beds, allow for WBC extravasation, exchange of materials

102
Q

What is the structure of venules?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells with some smooth muscle and connective tissue.

103
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Drain deoxygenated blood away from tissues and back to the heart, a giant reservoir for storing blood

104
Q

What percentage of systemic blood is found in veins?

A

75%

105
Q

What percentage of total blood is found in veins?

A

64%

106
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Thin-walled, floppy, low pressure & high volume. Less smooth muscle & connective tissue than arteries, some contain bicuspid valves.

107
Q

Are veins or arteries more numerous?

A

Veins

108
Q

What are venous sinus veins?

A

Veins in the brain with thin endothelial walls with no smooth muscle. Surrounding dense connective tissue provides support and alters diameter.

109
Q

What are the valves in veins made of?

A

Tunica interna

110
Q

What class of blood vessels are coronary arteries?

A

Muscular arteries

111
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Downstream of the aortic valve in the ascending aorta

112
Q

What is the size of the lumen in coronary arteries?

A

2-4mm

113
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain

114
Q

What is atheroma/arteriosclerosis?

A

Degradation of arteries due to build-up of fatty substance

115
Q

What is low oxygen supply known as?

A

Ischemia

116
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

Junction between 2 blood vessels

117
Q

How wide are RBC?

A

9µm (microns)

118
Q

What is the size of arterioles comparable to?

A

A hair

119
Q

What is the size of muscular arteries comparable to?

A

pencil to pin-sized

120
Q

What is the smooth muscle in blood vessels under the influence of?

A

Autonomic nervous system

121
Q

What drives plasma out of capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

122
Q

What is the size of the coronary arteries comparable to?

A

A matchstick

123
Q

Where does the left coronary artery run?

A

Down the interventricular septum

123
Q

Where does the right coronary artery run?

A

To the posterior of the heart

124
Q

What causes the ‘lup’ sound?

A

Closing of the atrioventricular valves

125
Q

What causes the ‘dup’ sound?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves (first aortic then pulmonary)

126
Q

Approximately how long are the isovolumetric phases in the cardiac cycle?

A

0.05 seconds

127
Q

What is the longest phase in the cardiac cycle?

A

Filling, approximately 50% of cycle

128
Q

What is the normal aortic peak pressure?

A

120mmHg

129
Q

What is the normal aortic lowest pressure?

A

80mmHg

130
Q

What is the peak pressure of the left ventricle?

A

120mmHg

131
Q

What is the peak pressure of the right ventricle?

A

27mmHg

132
Q

What is the peak pressure of the left atria?

A

8mmHg

133
Q

What is the peak pressure of the right atria?

A

5mmHg

134
Q

What percentage of the thoracic cavity should the heart never exceed?

A

50%

135
Q

What is the anatomical region in which the heart lies?

A

Mediastinum

136
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall in order from inside to outside?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

137
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium, from inside to outside?

A

Visceral pericardium, pericardial space, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium

138
Q

What are the walls of the pericardium made of?

A

Single layer of squamous mesothelial cells

139
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

A

Prevent friction between the heart and surrounding organs/structures

140
Q

What does the epicardium contain?

A

Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels which supply the myocardium

141
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Protection, anchors the heart in the mediastinum and prevents overstretching

141
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium made of?

A

Tough, inelastic, dense, irregular connective tissue.

142
Q

What is it called when there is fluid leaking into the pericardial space?

A

Cardiac Tamponade

143
Q

What class of blood vessels has the thickest wall relative to its size?

A

Arterioles

144
Q

Which class of blood vessels is responsible for channelling the bulk flow of blood to different organ systems?

A

Muscular arteries

145
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton made of?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

146
Q

Describe the way in which the Apex of the heart points

A

Inferiorly, anteriorly and to the left

147
Q

What percentage of total blood is in the pulmonary vessels?

A

9%

148
Q

What percentage of total blood is in the systemic arteries and arterioles?

A

13%

148
Q

What is the intrinsic HR of the SA node?

A

~100 BPM

148
Q

What is the intrinsic HR of the AV node?

A

~ 50 BPM

149
Q

How long is the delay in the AV node?

A

100ms

Medsci142 (15 decks)

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