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Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Respiration definition

A

Process, which occurs in living cells, that releases energy stored in organic molecules such as glucose for ATP production

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2
Q

Respiration equation

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38ATP

(Photosynthesise equation reversed)

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3
Q

Metabolism definition

A

Sum of all chemical process in organisms

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4
Q

Catabolism

A

Reactions breaking things down

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5
Q

Anabolism

A

Type of mechanism which breaks complex chemicals into smaller simpler ones

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6
Q

Anaerobic meaning

A

Without oxygen

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7
Q

Aerobic meaning

A

With oxygen

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8
Q

What is glucose RQ

A

1

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9
Q

What is RQ

A

Respiratory quotient
When different respiratory substances are used the ratios CO2 given out to O2 taken in

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10
Q

4 stages of respiration

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Link reaction
3) Krebs cycle
4) Electron transport chain

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11
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is glycolysis doing

A

Splitting glucose to be able to fit into mitochondria

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13
Q

What are the 2 stages in glycolysis

A

1) Phosphorylation
2) Oxidation

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14
Q

Phosphorylation process

A

1) Glucose is phosphorylated by adding 2 phosphates from 2 molecules of ATP
2) Hexose biphosphate is split using hydrolysis
3) 2 TP molecules created

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15
Q

Why do we add 2 phosphates

A

To raise the activation energy of glucose

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16
Q

Summary using word equation of phosphorylation

A

C6H12O6 + ATP -> Hexose phosphate -> Hexose biphosphate -> [hydrolysis] -> 2 TP

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17
Q

Overall what are we doing to the glucose in phosphorylation

A

Glucose + ATP twice
Then hydrolysed to enter oxidation stage

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18
Q

Describe the oxidation process

A

1) 2x Triose phosphates are oxidised to produce pyruvate
2) Hydrogen removed is transferred to NAD to form NADH
3) Net gain of 4 ATP molecules, using 2

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19
Q

What does glycolysis produce (products)

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

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20
Q

What does the link reaction depend on

A

O2 availability

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21
Q

Describe the process of the link reaction

A

1) Pyruvate enter mitochondria matrix via active transport
2) Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate. CO2 is released and loses 2 hydrogens
3) Acetate combines with coenzyme A making acetyl-coenzyme A

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22
Q

How many types does the link reaction happen before entering krebs cycle

A

2 process happen so
2 acetyl coenzyme A enter, 2 products come out
2CO2 released
2NADPH produces

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23
Q

The link reaction equation

A

2 pyruvate + 2 NAD + 2 CoA -> 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2 acetyl coA

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24
Q

What enters the krebs cycle

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

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25
Q

What does the krebs cycle produce PER ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE

A

4CO2
2ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
1 CoA

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26
Q

What are the hydrogen atoms produced in the krebs cycle used for

A

To reduce NAD and FAD. 3NAD produced, 1 FADH per cycle

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27
Q

Describe the process of The Krebs Cycle

A

1) acetyl coA reacts with 4C producing citrate
2) coA released to be used in link reaction
3) citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to lose CO2 and Hydrogen
4) Hydrogen used to reduce NAD
5) This is repeated again
6) substrate level phosphorylation occurs producing ATP
7) Two more dehydrogenation reactions producing a FADH and NADH
8) Oxaloacetate is regenerated

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28
Q

Can the Krebs cycle occur without oxygen

A

No

29
Q

What does the electron transfer chain do

A

Makes ATP from NADH and FADH

30
Q

How many ATP molecues do 1 FADH and 1 NADH makes

A

1 FADH = 2ATP
1NADH = 3 ATP

31
Q

What are the steps in the electron transfer chain

A

1) H atoms from krebs are donated from NADH and FADH
2) H atoms split into protons and electrons
3) Electrons enter electron transport chain, pass along chain through series of oxidation-reduction reactions, releasing a bit of energy each time
4) This energy pumps H+ ions from matrix into the inter-membrane space forming a concentration gradient
5) The H+ ions diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase enzyme turning ADP + Pi -> ATP
6) Oxygen is the final electron accepts, combing protons and electrons for form water

32
Q

What happens to the oxygen at the end of respiration

A

Each O2 atom picks up 2 protons and 2 electrons to produce water

33
Q

What is the equation for the use of oxygen in respiration

A

O2 + 4e- + 4H+ -> 2H2O

34
Q

What would happen if there was no oxygen

A

there would be no where for electrons to go at the end of the electron transfer chain
NADH and FADH could not get rid of their electrons and everything would stop

35
Q

Which cycles reduce NAD

A

Glycolysis
Krebs

36
Q

Which cycle produces ATP

A

Glycolysis
Krebs

37
Q

Which cycle requires ATP

A

Glycolysis

38
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur in

A

Glycolysis
Fermentation

39
Q

What does anaerobic respiration convert

A

Glucose -> lactice acid

40
Q

Pyruvate’s involvement in anaerobic respiration

A

Convert pyruvate into lactate using NADPH by oxidising NAD
NAD available again to accept electrons and protons so glycolysis continues

41
Q

What happens if NAD is not regenerated in anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis stops because there would be no oxidised NAD available to accept electrons and protons

42
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation

A

Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD

43
Q

Process of anaerobic respiration

A

(Glycolysis)
Glucose used two ways both resulting in lactate
1) Glycolysis process to produce pyruvate
2) 2NADH converted to 2 NAD and this cycle continues, releases 2x 2H atoms
3) 2x 2H atoms bind with pyruvate to form lactate

44
Q

Production of ethanol in anaerobic respiration

A

Pyruvate loses a molecule of CO2 and accepts H from NADH to produce ethanol

45
Q

Production of ethanol equation

A

Pyruvate + NADH -> ethanol + CO2 + NAD

46
Q

Cycle to produce ethanol

A

1) Glucose to pyruvate using 2ADP -> 2ATP conversion and 2NAD to 2NADH back again cycle
2) Pyruvate takes up 2H atoms from NADH to make lactate
3) 2 acetyladehyde uses 2NAD to 2NADH cycle to form 2 ethanol

47
Q

When does oxygen debt occur

A

In muscles when O2 is built up quicker than it is being supplied, forming oxygen debt

48
Q

Reasons why anaerobic respiration important

A
  • Oxygen debt occurs when O2 being used up quicker than it’s being supplied
  • In absence of O2 glycolysis stops so NADH builds up
  • Glycolysis continues if NADH converted into NAD
  • This conversion happens when pyruvate takes up 2 H atoms from NADH to make lactate
  • Lactate causes cramp fatigue in muscle that must be removed
  • Can be oxidised back to pyruvate or taken to liver to be converted to glycogen
49
Q

Describe how acetyl coenzyme A is formed

A

1) Oxidation of pyruvate and carbon dioxide released
2) Addition of coenzyme A
3) NADH is formed

50
Q

Describe the roles of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP

A

1) NAD/FAD are reduced
2)Electrons transferred in a series of redox reactions
3) Energy released as electrons passed on
4) Energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate
5) Protons passed into intermembrane space

51
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

52
Q

Describe what happens during phosphorylation

A

Two phosphates
combine with 6C glucose molecule
Two ATP molecules are used
Fructose biphosphate are formed

53
Q

What happens during the oxidation of TP

A

Hydrogen is lost by TP
Hydrogen is picked up by coenzyme NAD
NADH is produced

54
Q

State the process by which pyruvate moves through the membrane

A

Active transport
Because the movement of active transport requires ATP

55
Q

State the role of coenzyme A in the link reaction

A

Coenzyme A combines with acetyl group to form acetyl CoA
Coenzyme A transports the acetyl group to the Krebs cycle

56
Q

Define the Krebs cycle

A

The krebs cycle is a series of enzyme controlled reactions which occur in the matrix of the mitochondria, producing NADH, ATP, CO2 and FADH

57
Q

How does temperature influence the rate of ATP production in respiration

A

Respiration consists of enzyme controlled reactions
So higher temperatures increase the rate of enzyme activity
When temperature is too high, enzymes become denatured AND ATP production stops

58
Q

Suggest how a lack of cristae could lead to a decrease in ATP production

A

There is a smaller surface area of cristae
So fewer electron transport chains present

59
Q

What is ATP synthase

A

Enzyme

60
Q

Describe how these H+ ions move from the matrix to the inter-membranal space

A

Energy is released as electrons pass along electron transport chain
H+ ions use energy to move into the inter-membrane space
Carrier proteins are used as proton pumps

61
Q

What are carrier proteins used for in chemiosmosis

A

Proton pumps

62
Q

State two ways in which lactate could be metabolised by the body

A

Can be oxidised to produce pyruvate
Can be stored as glycogen

63
Q

Identify the role of oxygen in the electron transport chian

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
Oxygen combines with hydrogen and electrons to form H2O

64
Q

Describe the mechanism by which ATP is formed in the mitochondria [6 marks]

A

Produced in the Krebs cycle
The krebs cycle produces NADH/FADH
Electrons are released from coenzymes NADH/FADH
Electrons pass along electron transport chain
Releasing energy each time
Allowing protons to move into intermembrane space
Protons diffuse back into the matrix via ATP synthase
Along the proton gradient
ATP forms from ADP + Pi
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

65
Q

Mitochondrial diseases in humans can cause their mitochondria to malfunction. Individuals that suffer from mitochondrial disease are only able to endure intense exercise for a short period of time. Explain why.

A

Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration
Mitochondria produces ATP required for muscle contraction during exercise

66
Q

Explain why the solution used was isotonic

A

To prevent osmosis
So mitochondria do not burst

67
Q

Describe and explain the effect of temperature has on the rate of CO2 released

A

The rate of CO2 release increases as temperature increases
BECAUSE
Enzyme activity increases so there is a higher rate of respiration and CO2 production

68
Q

Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP by anaerobic respiration

A

NADH is reduced
So glycolysis continues

69
Q
A

Biology (57 decks)

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