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Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does nucleotide structure look like

A

Circle attached to pentagon attached to rectangle

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2
Q

What is the circle in the DNA structure

A

Phosphate

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3
Q

What is the pentagon in a nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar

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4
Q

What does a nucleotide contain

A

Phosphate
Pentose sugar
Organic base

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5
Q

Name the bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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6
Q

Which bases pair up together

A

Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

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7
Q

What is the rectangle in a DNA structure

A

Organic base

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8
Q

What reaction forms the nucleotide together

A

Condensation

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9
Q

Bond, formed between the phosphate, pentose sugar and base

A

Phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

Whats a dinucleotide

A

2 nucleotides

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11
Q

What is RNA

A

Single polypeptide chain instead of a double helix

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12
Q

Pentose sugar in RNA called

A

Ribose

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13
Q

Pentose sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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14
Q

Base in RNA

A

Uracil

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15
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

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16
Q

What is mRNA

A

Messenger
Used in protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA
Part of ribosomes

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18
Q

What is tRNA

A

Transfer RNA
Used to make proteins at ribosomes

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19
Q

Shape of mRNA

A

Curly line

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20
Q

Shape of tRNA and why

A

Clover leaf shape
Hydrogen bonds form due to some sections of the tRNA complementary to base pairing

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21
Q

Role of ATP

A

Transfers energy

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22
Q

How is DNA stable

A

Backbone = protects bases inside double helix
Hydrogen bonds = form bridges between phosphodiester uprights

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23
Q

How ATP is formed from ADP

A

Rectange pentagon P - P + Pi

<=>

Rectange pentagon P - P - P +H2O

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24
Q

Forward and backward reaction in formation of ATP

A

ADP => ATP = ATP catalyses reaction
ATP => ADP = ATP hydrolase catalyses

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25
Q

What does DNA and RNA do

A

DNA = holds genetic information
RNA = transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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26
Q

What are ribosomes formed from

A

RNA and proteins

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27
Q

What bond forms when a condensation reaction between two nucleotides takes place

A

Phosphodiester

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28
Q

Bond between two polynucleotide chains

A

Hydrogen between base pairs

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29
Q

Process of semi-conservative replication of DNA

A

1) double helix unwinds
2) Hydrogen bonds break between complementary bases in polynucleotide strands using DNA helicase
3) new DNA nucleotides attracted to exposed bases on template strands, base pairing occurs
4) DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides

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30
Q

What do the enzymes dna helicase and dna polymerase do

A

DNA helicase = unwinds dna and breaks h2 bonds
DNA polymerase = joins adjacent nucleotides

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31
Q

The conservative and semi-conservative model by who

A

Watson-Crick model
Watson and Crick

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32
Q

Conservative model

A

Original dna molecule remained intact and that a separate daughter dna copy was built from new molecules

33
Q

Semi conservative

A

Original dna molecule splits into two separate strands each replicated mirror image

34
Q

What is the phosphate released during hydrolysis of ATP used for

A

Phosphorylate other compounds

35
Q

What happens when you hydrolyse atp to adp

A

Inorganic phosphate group is catalysed by ATP hydrolase

36
Q

What does atp hydrolase do

A

Catalyse hydrolysis of atp -> adp

37
Q

How to form atp

A

Condensation reaction of ADP and Pi

38
Q

Structure of atp and how its drawn

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates
Three phosphates attachment to ribose
Adenine attached to ribose
Same structure as dna

39
Q

What are each of atp’s components

A

Adenine = nitrogen containing organic base
Ribose = sugar molecule acts as a backbone
Phosphates = chain of three phosphate

40
Q

Describe the bonds between the phosphate groups

A

Unstable
Have low activation energy
Easily broken

41
Q

equation for forming adp

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) + E (energy)

42
Q

what is this reaction catalysed by

A

Atp hydrolase

43
Q

Three ways synthesis of ATP from ADP happens

A

1) In chlorophyll-containing plant cells during photosynthesis
2) Plant and animal cells during respiration
3) Plant and animal cells during substrate-level phosphorylation

44
Q
A
45
Q

When is ATP used

A

1) metabolic processes = provides energy to build macromolecules from basic units e.g. starch
2) movement = energy for muscle contraction
3) active transport = shapes carrier proteins in plasma membranes allowing molecules to move against conc gradient
4) secretion = form lysosomes for secretion
5) activation of molecules = inorganic phosphate released during hydrolysisused to phosphorylate other molecules

46
Q

Bond between two bases

A

hydrogen

47
Q

bond between deoxyribose and phosphate group

A

phosphodiester

48
Q

Describe the whole process of semi-conservative replication

A

1) DNA helicase separates two strands of DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds that join complementary bases
2) Free nucleotides are that are activated are joined by DNA polymerase making phosphodiester bonds. Remaining unpaired bases continue to attract complementary nucleotides
3) Nucleotides join to form complete polynucleotide chain using DNA polymerase. Two identical strands of DNA are formed, each strand contains half of original DNA strand

49
Q

Energy requiring processes in cells

A

Metabolic process
Movement = muscle contraction
Active transport
Secretion = form lysosomes
Activation of molecules = phosphorylate other compounds to make them reaction, lowering activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions

50
Q

DNA s functin

A

To hold or store genetic information
Molecule that contains the instructions for frowth and development of all organisms

51
Q

Rnas function

A

Transfer the genetic cde found in DNA out of the nucleus and carry it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

52
Q

Difference between purine and pyrimidine bases

A

Purine = adenine and guanine, double ring structure
Pyrimidine = thymine, uracil, cytosine, single ring structure

53
Q

Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA structure

A

Similar = polynucleotide and contains AGC
Difference = RNA uracil DNA thymine and RNA ribose DNA deoxyribose, RNA single stranded

54
Q

Examples of rna

A

TRNA
MRNA
RRNA

55
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Small organelles free in cytoplasn or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Site of protein synthesis
Formed from RNA and proteins

56
Q

What is rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA
RNA forms structure of ribosomes (rRNA)
Catalyses formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
Each ribosome is a mixture of rRNA and proteins

57
Q

Describe the two types of ribosomes

A

80S - eukaryotic (larger)
70S - prokaryotic, mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic (smaller)

58
Q

What is r RNAs function

A

RRNA and proteins hold tRNA molecules in place
Condensation enzymes linked to rRNA can then catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

59
Q

Who confirmed the double helix structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

60
Q

WHat does semi conservative replication do

A

Each new DNA molecule produced one polynucleotide DNA strands from original DNA is copied
New DNA conserved half of the original DNA and used to create a new strand

61
Q

Why is it important to retain one original DNA strand

A

It ensures new cells inherit all their genes from the parent cell
Cells replaced regularly so the new cells to same role as old ones
Replication of DNA and cell division occurs during growth

62
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

-In preparation for mitosis = when parent cell divides to form daught cells, number of molecules in parent cells must double before mitosis takes place
-S phase of cell cycle (interphase when cell not dividing)

63
Q

Process of DNA semi conservative replication

A

1) Helicase (enzyme) unwinds DNA double helix by breaking H2 bonds between base pairs on polynucleotide DNA strands forming two single polynucleotide DNA strands
2) Base pairing = single polynucleotide DNA strands act as a template for forming a new strand made of free nucleotides that are attracted to exposed DNA bases
3) New nucleotides joined by DNA polymerase catalysing condensation reactions to form a new strand
4) Original strand and new strand joined through H2 bonding between base pairs forming new DNA moleucule

64
Q

How does DNa polymerase form two template strands

A

Catalyses condensation reaction between deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjacent nucleotides within the new strands
Forming sugar-phosphate backbone of new DNA strand
IT breaks off two extra phosphates and uses energy released to make phosphodiester bonds
H2 bonds then form between complementary base pairs

65
Q

What are the leading and lagging strand

A

Leading = synthesis of strnad is continuous
Lagging = synthesis of strand is not continuous and created in short segments that are joined by DNA ligase

66
Q

Where is energy requieed

A

Anabolic reactions = building large from small molecules
Active transport
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse conduction

67
Q

Advatantaged of atp

A

Hydrolysis of ATP is rapid using ATPase
Useful quantity released so not wasted
Relatively stable at cellular pH levels
Recylable = reversible reaction
Soluble and moves easily = transported to different areas easily

68
Q

Ways ATP can be made

A

Substrate phosphorylation and electron transport chain of respiration

69
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds important in water

A

Solvent = many substances can dissolve in water
High specific heat capacity
High latent heat of vaporisation
Less dense when solid
High surface tension
Acts as a reagent

70
Q

Advantage of high specific heat capacity of water

A

Suitable habitats
Able to maintain constant temeprature to absorb heat without big temperature fluctations
Enzyme activity
Water in blod vital for transfering heat around the body maintaining temperature

71
Q

Why is the latent heat of vaporisation important in water

A

Cooling effect for living organisms

72
Q

Types of inorganic ions

A

Hydrogen ions H+
Iron Fe2+/Fe3+
Sodium ions Na+
Phosphate ions PO43-
Calcium Ca2+

73
Q

Why are hydrogen ionsi important

A

Concentration of H+ determines pH
More H+ lower pH
Enzyme controlled reactions

74
Q

Iron ions importance

A

Haemoglobin contain Fe2+ for O2 binding
Cytochromes (component of electron transport chians)
Iron switches between Fe3+ and Fe2+ to allow electrons to be accepted and donated

75
Q

Sodium ions importance

A

Na+ transports glucose and amino acids across cell surface membranes
Co transport
Na+ actively transported out of epithelial cells, Na+ conc inside lower than in lumen so Na+ re enter through co transport proteins allowing glucose and amino acids to enter with them
Nerve impulses

76
Q

Phosphate ions importance

A

PO43- attaches to other molecules to form DNA RNA ATP
Nucleotides to join up
ATP bonds allow phosphate to easily attach or detach
Phospholipids

77
Q

Calcium ions importance

A

Ca2+ movement in organisms, synapses
Muscle contraction (Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, binds to troponin removing tropomysin from myosin binding sites)
Regulate protein channels permeability
Enzymes activated by Ca2+
Important for forming blood clots

78
Q

Main role of DNA

A

Carry genetic code
Instructions for making proteins

79
Q

What is DNA

A

A molecule with a double helix structure which consists of hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs on two antiparallel polynucleotide chains.

Biology (57 decks)

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