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Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of tumour

A

Malignant
Benign

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2
Q

What is mitosis usually used for

A

1) increase size of tissue during development
2) replace dead and worn out cells

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3
Q

Interphase

A

First stage
Cell grows
DNA replicates
Normal condition of cell

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4
Q

Prophase

A

Second stage
DNA supercoils
Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Centrioles migrate to poles
Spindle fibres form

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5
Q

Metaphase

A

Third stage
Chromosomes line up centrosomes on equator of cell
Centromeres attach to spindle fibres

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6
Q

Anaphase

A

Fourth stage
Centromeres breaks down
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
Spindle fibres shorten

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7
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis

A

Fifth stage
Telophase = nuclear membrane reform, chromosomes disperse, cytokinesis begins
Cytokinesis = cytoplasm divides

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8
Q

Mitosis in prokaryotic cells name

A

Binary fission

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9
Q

Binary fission in bacteria

A

Replication of DNA
Replication of plasmids
Division of cytoplasm

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10
Q

What phase does DNA replication occur

A

Interphase

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11
Q

Cytokinesis is what

A

Division of cytoplasm to produce two identical daughter cells

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12
Q

What does binary fission involve

A

Replication of circular DNA and plasmids
Division of cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells, each with one copy of circular DNA and many plasmids

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13
Q

Virus cell division

A

Non-living things don’t undergo cell division
Infected host replicated virus particles

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14
Q

Mitosis importance

A

Growth = haploid cells fuse to form diploid cell, cells grow from original cell so they are identical.
Repair = damaged or die new cells produced to replace those lost
Reproduction = single-celled organisms divide by mitosis to form new organism

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15
Q

Method of required practical

A

1) Garlic root grow by suspending on water for a week or two
2) 1M of HCL acid in boiling tube, placing in 60C water both for 10 mins
3) Remove tips of rots and place in warm HCL acid for 5 mins
4) Rinse tips with cold water using pipette, blot to dry with paper towel
5) Cut 2mm off tip and place on microscope slide
6) Add drop of warm acetic orcein to stain purple
7) Gently squash root tip on glass slide using mounting needle
8) View and count cells undergoing mitosis on microscope

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16
Q

How to calculate mitotic index

A

No. of cells with chromosomes / total no. of cells

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17
Q

Meiosis prophase 1

A

DNA condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes
Homologous pairs pair up
Crossing over occurs
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
Spindle is formed
Nuclear envelope breaks down

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18
Q

Meiosis metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up at equator
Spindle fibres attach to centromeres

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19
Q

Meiosis Anaphase 1

A

Chromosomes/homologous pairs are separated and pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres

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20
Q

Meiosis telophase 1

A

Chromosomes reach poles
Spindle fibres start to break down

21
Q

metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up in single file at the equator

22
Q

anaphase 2

A

chromatids and separated by spindle fibres and pulled to opposite poles
Centromeres divide

23
Q

telophase 2

A

chromosomes reach poles
Nuclear envelopes form

24
Q

meiosis cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides
produces 4 gametes with half the number of chromosomes the parent cell had

25
Q

How does variation occur

A

Homologous pairs cross over
chromatids break
chromatids join the other chromosomes in the homologous pairs

26
Q

Describe binary fission in bacteria.

A

Replication of (circular) DNA
Replication of plasmids
Division of cytoplasm

27
Q

Where does growth in plants occur

A

Root tip meristem

28
Q

Mitosis practical method

A

1) remove garlic tips of roots and place in ethanolic alcohol
2) place tips ni warm dilute hydrochloric acid
3) Place on microscope slide
4) Add suitable stain using pipette
5) place coverslip on top of root tip and press down firmly using paper towel

29
Q

Mitotic index equation

A

mitotic index = number of cells with visible chromosomes ÷ total number of cells

30
Q

What are carcinogens

A

Agents that may cause cancer

31
Q

Stages in development of cancer

A

1) Oncogenes (mutated genes that cause cancer) arise due to carcinogens
2) Cancerous cell does not respond to signals from other cells so continues to divide
3) Mitosis
4) Cancerous cells not removed by immune system
5) rapid mitosis
6) Tumour gets larger
7) Tumour supplied with blood and lymph vessels. If it is a malignant tumour, tumour cells spread in bloo and lymph to other parts of the body
8) Metastasis, tumour cells invade other tissues formign other cancers

32
Q

CAncer treatments

A

Methotrexate = inhibits synthesis of DNA nucleotides in cells
Vincritstine and taxol = prevent formation og mitotic spindke

33
Q

What is a virus

A

Non cellular infectious particles that straffle the boundary between living and non living

34
Q

Viral replication by injecting nucleic acid into a host cell process

A

1) Virus uses attachment proteins on its surface to bind to complementary receptor proteins on surface of a host cell
2) Virus injects DNA or RNA into host cell
3) Host cell uses nucleic acid and protein building machinery to produce new viral particles

35
Q

Process of viral replication

A

1) Attachment = virus attaches to surface of host cell
2) entry = viral DNA/RNA enters hsot cell
3) Replication = viral DNA/RNA replicates and new viral proteins are made
4) Assembly = new viral particles are assembled
5) release = host cell lyses (bursts) releasing newly made viruses

36
Q

Label the cell cycle circle

A

https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/w=1920,f=auto/uploads/2021/01/The-cell-cycle.png

37
Q

Label the cell cycle circle

A

https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/w=1920,f=auto/uploads/2021/01/The-cell-cycle.png

38
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Nuclear division (mitosis)
Cell division (cytokinesis)

39
Q

What is the cell cycle definition

A

Regulated sequence of events that occurs between one cell division and the next

40
Q

What variable does the length of the cell cycle depend on

A

Environmental conditions
Cell type
Organism

41
Q

What are cyclins

A

Movement from one phase to another is triggered by chemical signals called cyclins

42
Q

What occurs during interphase

A

Cell increases mass and size
Protein synthesis
Replicated DNA

43
Q

What phase is interpahse

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

44
Q

What does G1 phase do

A

Cell grows and receives signal to divide
Protein synthesis
Production of organelles
Produces RNA
Monitors cellular environment to see if it can enter S phase

45
Q

What does the S phase do

A

DNA synthesis
Relatively short

46
Q

WHat happens during G2 phase

A

Further cell grwoth
Error checking of newly synthesised DNA

E.g. Tubulin protein produced to make spingle fibres

47
Q

What phase is nuclear division

A

M phase
Cell growth stops

48
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis

A

Cell divides and one nucleus moves into each cell to create two geneticall identical daughter cells
Constriction of cytoplasm

Biology (57 decks)

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