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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA and controls cells growth and reproduction

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid that fills cell
Holds everything together, where chemical reactions take place

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3
Q

Lysosome

A

-Contain digestive enzymes capable of breaking down all types of polymers
-Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells
-Digest worn out cells so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be re-used
-Break down dead cells
-Digest macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
-Cell membrane repairs

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4
Q

Centrosome

A

Regulates cell motility
Adhesion and polarity in interphase
Facilitates organisation of spindle poles during mitosis

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5
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Barrier to separate contents of nucleus from cytoplasm

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce energy through cellular respiration

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7
Q

Pinocytic Vesicle

A

Carriers of the extracellular fluid into the cellq

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8
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Hold cell together and control what goes in and out

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produce and assemble cell’s ribosomes

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Add carbohydrates + proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes
Secrete carbohydrates
Transport, modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

large SA for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
Provide a pathway for transport of materials (especially proteins)

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12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesise store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

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13
Q

Nerve cell adaptations

A

Cell body for protein synthesis
Extensions of cytoplasm cytoplasm from cell body = dendrites and axons, allowing neurones to communicate
Axon = myelin sheeth to speed impulses

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14
Q

MUscle cell adaptations

A

Layers of protein filaments = slide over eachother causing muscle contraction
High density of mitochondria = sufficient energy for muscle contraction
SKeletal muscles fuse together = form multinucleated cells that contract in unison

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15
Q

Sperm cells adaptations

A

Acrosome = contains digestive enzyme to break outer layer of egg cell so haploid nucleus can enter to fuse with eggs nucleus
Mid piece lots of mitochondria = rlease energy for tail movement
Tail rotates = allow move towards egg

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16
Q

Root hair cells adaptations

A

Root hair increase surface area = high rate of water uptake by osmosis
Thin walls = water moves through easily
Permanent vacuole = cell sap more concentrated than soil water maintaining water potential gradient
Mitochondria = actove transport of mineral ions

17
Q

Xylem vessels adaptations

A

No top and bottom walls = water drawn towards leaves by transpiration
Dead cells = free movement of water
Lignin thick outer walls = support plant

18
Q

Phloem vessel cells adaptation

A

Living companion cells
Joined end to end contain holes in end cell walls so sugars and amino acids flow easily
Few subcellular structures to aid flow of materials

19
Q

What are plasmids

A

Loops of DNA
Contian genes that can be passed ebtween prokaryotes

20
Q

Capsule

A

Some prokaryotes surrounded by final outer layer known as capsule
Helps protect bacteria from drying out from attack by cells of the immune system of host organism

21
Q

Describe optical light microscope

A

Use light, limiting the resolution
Cannot be used to observe smaller organelles such as ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum or lysosomes

22
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Use electrons
High resolution because smaller light wavelength
Two types transmission electron miscroscope and scanning electron microscope

23
Q

Transmission electron microscope advantages

A

High resolution images
Allowing internal structures within cells to be seen

24
Q

Transmission electron microscopes disadvantages

A

Used with thin specimen or thin sections of obkect
Cannot be used to observe live speciments
Lengthy treatment
Do not produce colour image

25
Q

Scanning elecrtron microscope advantage

A

Used on thick pr 3D speciments
Allow external 3D structure ot speciments to be observed

26
Q

Scanning electron microscope disadvantages

A

Lower resolution
Cannot be used to observe live speciments
Do not produce a colour image

27
Q

Light vs electron

A

Light: alive or dead, shine light through objective lense, better fr whole cells, small plant and organism
Electron: dead, useful for organelles viruses and DNA, higher frequency of wavelength so better resolution and magnification

28
Q

3 stages of cell frctionation

A

homogenisation
Filtration
Utracentrigufation

29
Q

Describe homogenisation

A

Cold = reduce activity of enzymes
isotonic = same water potential so organelles dont damage from osmosis
Buffer = prevent protein denaturing
Use a homogeniser = grind up cells
Use a homogenate = breaks plsama membrane to release organelles

30
Q

Describe filtration

A

Homogenate filtered through gauze
Separate large cell debris not broken up
Organelles much smaller than debris not filtered out
Leaves solution that contains a mixture of organelles

31
Q

Describe ultracentrifugation

A

Placed in centrifuge and spins
Cause largest to settle at bottom in thick sediment knows as a pellet
Solution = supernatant
Rest of organelles stay suspended in solution
Filter and drain supernatant drained off formimg new supernatant after second spin
Spun at higher speed
Repeated until organelle present are separate

32
Q

Why do you repeat the centrifuge at different speeds

A

Some organelles (e.g. mitochondria) are lighter than others (nucleus) so needs to be spun at higher speeds

33
Q

How is the inner membrane of mitochondria adapted

A

Has cristae
Which is folded to increase surface area for respiration

34
Q

Key terms when answering ribosome questions comparisons of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

Comparign bacteria to eukaryotic
Must say ribosomes 80S, denser, heavier or large ribosomes

Biology (57 decks)

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