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Biology > Gene Expression - Stem Cells > Flashcards

Gene Expression - Stem Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene

A

Stretch of DNA that codes for a protein

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2
Q

How does mRNA become translated into a protein

A

1) Codons (3 nucleotides)
2) Codons are complementary to specific tRNA’s
3) tRNA attaches to teh codon thats complementary
4) tRNA delivers a specific amino acid
5) Ribosome joining together the amino acids
6) Forming a peptide bond between each nucleotide

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3
Q

What do we do because we cant use embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells

A

IPSC’s
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Make adult stem cell totipotent again

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4
Q

Epigenetics

A

How does the environment influence our DNA

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5
Q

How does epigenetics affect histomes

A

Whether they are wrapped or not

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6
Q

What changes how histomes are wrapped

A

Wrapped = methylation attaches onto histome
Unwrapped = acetylation

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7
Q

Whats a gene mutatin

A

Change in sequence if base pairs in a DNA molecule that may result in an altered plypeptide

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8
Q

Types of mutations

A

Continously
Spntaneously

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9
Q

What des degenerate mean

A

Single amin acid may be coded by more than one triplet code

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10
Q

Why might mutations not not alter the polypeptide

A

Code is degenerate
Codes fro mre than one

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11
Q

What can mutations in DNA base sequences result in

A

Insertion, Deletion, Substitution of a nucleotide
OR
Inversion, duplication or translocation of a section of a gene

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12
Q

What does an insertion of nucleotides do

A

Changes original amino acid and creates different triplet of bases
Frame shift
Can change the polypeptides function

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13
Q

Deletion of nuleotides

A

Nucleotide deleted randomly from DNA sequence mutation
Changes original amino acid, changing the grup of three bases, sometimes frameshift
Changing plypeptides functin

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14
Q

Whats a substitution of nucleotides

A

Mutation when a base in DNA sequence randomly swapped for a different base

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15
Q

Difference between substitution and insertion and deletion

A

Substituion only changes amino acid for the triplet in which the mutation occurs, will not have a knock on effect

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16
Q

Three types of substitution mutations

A

Silent mutations - mutation does nto alter amino aciid sequence, degenerate code

Missense - alters single amino acid in polypeptide, changing single amino acid sequence

Nonsense -mutation creates a premature stop codon, causing plypeptide produced to be incomplete, affecting final protein structure and function

17
Q

WHats duplication of a gene

A

Gene or section of gene duplicated so there are two cpies of the gene on the same chromosome
Original version intact = mutation isnt harmful
If second copy is duplicated, can develop new functions

18
Q

Why are duplication mutations important

A

Evolutionary change

19
Q

What is translocation of a gene section

A

Gene cut in two pieces and attaches to a separate gene
Cut gene is non functioning as it has a section missing
Gene gained the translocation section is also likelly to be non functioning

20
Q

WHat happenbs if a proto-oncogene is translocated

A

Boost expression and lead to tumour

21
Q

What happens ia. Sectionof a tumour suppressor gene is translocated

A

Faulty tumour suppressor gene
Leads to cell continuoing to replicate when it contains faulty dna

22
Q

Cuases of mutations

A

Rate that mutations occur
Exposure to mutagenic agents = high energy ionising radiation (alpha, beta gamma radiation) OR chemicals (NO2, tobacco smoke)

23
Q

WHat happens as a result of gene mutations on polypeptides

A

Most mutations do not alter the polypeptide
Small number of mutations alter polyeptide with a different shape
May affect the ability of the protein to perform its funciton

24
Q

Effect of gene mutations on phenotype

A

Cellular mechanisms affect phenotype of an organism
Mutation causes major alteration, could affect cellular mechanisms whihc impact the phenotype of an organism

25
Q

What is potency

A

Ability of stem cell to differentiate into more than one specialised cell type

26
Q

Three types of potency

A

Totipotency
Pluripotency
Multipotency

27
Q

Describe totipotent stem cells

A

Produce any type of cell
Embryonic, exist for limited time
During development totipotent cells translate part of their DNA, specialising themselves

28
Q

Where are pluripotent cells found

A

Embryos
Differentiate into any type
Not able to differentiate into extra-embryonic cells (placenta cells)
Used to treat disorders

29
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells

A

Produced from adult somatic cells (that arent gametes) using transcription
Cause genes to be expressed that dedifferentiate a cell back into pluripotent state

30
Q

What are multipotent adult stem cells

A

Found in mature mammals
Divide to form a limited number of cell types
Growth, cell replacement, tissue repair
Bone marrow cells

31
Q

What are unipotent cells

A

Differentiate into their own lineage

32
Q

How can diabetes be treated using stem cells

A

Stem cells differentiated into insulin
Producing pancreatic cells

33
Q

Benefits of uding stem cells

A

Treat diseases (diabettes, paralysis)
Organs developed from own patients stem cells, reduces risk of organ rejection and need to wait for an organ donation
Adult stem cells already been used and are successful, proof of benefits

34
Q

Risk of using stem cells

A

Cultures in lab could become infected with a virus which could be transmitted to the patient
Risk of stem cells accumulating mutations that can lead to cancer cells
Low numbers of stem cell donors

35
Q

Social issues

A

Possible to collect embryonic from birth or after birth (umbilical cord, amniotic fluid)
Lack of peer reviewed clinical evidence of success of stem cell treatments
Educating public about what stem cells can and cannot be used for

36
Q

Ethical issues

A

Stem cells from embryos, is it right
Create embryos and then destroy them, who owns them
Should an embryo be treated as a person with human rights

37
Q

Methd creating tissue cultures

A

1) Disinfect surfaces and soak apparatus in sterilant = no fungi contaminate
2) break small floret of cauliflower from plant
3) sterilise explant by soaking in steriliser and swirl
4) take out explant and add to container of agar growth medium (get nutrients
5) leave container holding agar growth medium

Biology (57 decks)

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