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Biology > DNA, genes and protein synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, genes and protein synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Unit of hereditary passed down from a parent to its offspring to determine characteristics

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2
Q

Degenerate code

A

Different codons specify for same amino acid (e.g. val, gly, ala)

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3
Q

STOP codons

A

End of a polypeptide chain
Do not code for anything

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4
Q

Exons

A

Code for a protein

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5
Q

Intron

A

Non-coding sequences, interrupts gene sequence

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6
Q

How to interpret genetic code on a table

A

1st base: Column on left
2nd base: Row at top
3rd base: Column on right

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7
Q

How DNA is paired into chromosomes

A

1) Helix wound around histones
2) It’s fixed in position
3) DNA-histone complex coiled
4) Packed into chromosome
5) DNA condensed into 1 chromosome
6) Forms single molecule of DNA

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8
Q

What are homologous pairs

A

Literally the X chromosomes make
2 chromosomes in a pair ( I + I = X )
States that one is inherited from mother, and the other from father

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9
Q

Diploid number

A

Number of chromosome pairs
E.g. - humans have 46

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10
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene

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11
Q

What happens if you change a base sequence

A

Mutation
Different amino acid sequence leads to production of different polypeptide, different protein

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12
Q

What does mRNA stand for

A

Messenger RNA

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13
Q

What does messenger rna do

A

Transfers DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
Contains coded information to determine the sequence of amino acids (i.e. carries instructions to make proteins)

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14
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus and why

A

Leaves nucleus through nuclear pores
Enters cytoplasm and associates with ribosomes
For protein synthesis

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15
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes in a cell

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16
Q

Proteome

A

Range of proteins produced by genome

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17
Q

What is rna for

A

Making proteins

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18
Q

What is RNA made up of

A

Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

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19
Q

What does mRNA do in the cytoplasm

A

Associates with ribosomes
And
Acts as a template for protein synthesis

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20
Q

Why is mRNAs structure suited for its function

A

Contains information for production of amino acids IN THE FORM OF CODONS

21
Q

What does tRNA stand for

A

Transfer RNA

22
Q

Shape of tRNA

A

Clover leaf

23
Q

What is a feature of tRNA’s structure for protein synthesis

A

Top of clover leaf one end comes out more than the other
Amino acids can easily attacg

24
Q

How does the tRNA know how to bind to which amino acids

A

Each tRNA is specific to a certain amino acids because of its specific anticodon

25
Q

What’s an anticodon

A

Sequence of 3 bases at bottom of clover leaf

26
Q

What does it mean if the code is degenerate

A

Amino acid coded by more than one codon

27
Q

Complementary base pairs RNA

A

Guanine and cytosine
Adenine and uracil

28
Q

How proteins are formed in DNA summary

A

1) DNA provides instructions in form of bases
2) Transcription
3) pre-mRNA spliced into mRNA
4) Translation

29
Q

Bakery analogy of protein synthesis

A

OVEN = cell organelles -> manufacture proteins
CAKE = protein -> make many different types
INGREDIENTS = amino acids -> make proteins
TYPE OF CAKE RECIPE = genetic code -> can choose different genetic codes depending on what’s needed
MANY COPIES OF RECIPE BOOK = genome -> contains all information needed for a person
PHOTOCOPY RECIPE = transcription -> copy of DNA
MAKING CAKES = translation -> making proteins using transcription (making cakes using photocopied recipe)

30
Q

What does transcription and translation do

A

Transcription = copying DNA
Translation = making proteins

31
Q

Process of transcription

A

1) Nucleotide bases exposed by enzyme acting on DNA strand, splitting it into RNA
2) Template strand pairs with complementary nucleotides
3) RNA polymerase moves along strand joining nucleotides by peptide bond
4) DNA strand rejoins behind it
5) Enzyme reachers terminator sequences, detaches and pre-mRNA production is complete

32
Q

What does splicing in eukaryotic cells form

A

Splicing of pre-mRNA forms mRNA

33
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

Made up of exons that code for proteins and introns
These introns prevent synthesis of a polypeptide

34
Q

What does splicing do

A

Removes base sequences corresponding to introns
Functional exons are joined together

35
Q

Synthesising a polypeptide contains what

A

mRNA strand along the bottom
Ribosome moves along mRNA strand
tRNA (clover leaf, peg looking shapes)
Amino acids attached ontop of tRNA
Bases attached to tRNA and mRNA
Peptide bonds

36
Q

Process of forming a polypeptide chain

A

1) Ribosome attaches at starting codon (first 3 bases on mRNA)
2) tRNA and mRNA’s complementary bases pair up (a and u, g and c)
3) Ribosome moves along, pairing next set of bases
4) 2 amino acids on tRNA join by peptide bond (using enzyme and ATP)
5) Once 3 sets of bases have paired up, first amino acid on tRNA is released forming chain of amino acids. tRNA is free to collect another amino acid (peg)
6) Continues until STOP codon
7) Amino acids form a chain off tRNA

37
Q

Assembling a protein after polypeptide formation

A

Polypeptide is coiled or folded into secondary structure
Secondary structure is folded into tertiary structure
Different polypeptide chains link to form quaternary structure

38
Q

Bond in DNA

A

Phosphodiester

39
Q

What is a phosphodiester and hydrogen bond between

A

Phosphodiester = nucleotides
Hydrogen = bases

40
Q

Describe two differences between the structure of tRNA and mRNA

A

tRNA is a clover leaf shape, mRNA is linear
tRNA has hydrogen bonds, mRNA does not
tRNA has anticodon, mRNA has codon
tRNA has amino acid binding site, mRNA does not

41
Q

Describe and explain difference in structure of mRNA and pre-mRNA

A

1) mRNA has fewer nucleotides
Pre-mRNA more nucleotides
OR
mRNA has no introns
Pre-mRNA has exons and introns
2) because of splicing

42
Q

Describe how one amino acid is added to a polypeptide that is being formed at a ribosome during translation

A

TRNA brings specific amino acid to ribosome
Anticodon binds to codon
Amino acids join by condensation reaction using ATP/amino acids join to form a peptide bond

43
Q

Describe how mRNA is produced from an exposed template strand of DNA. Do not include DNA helicase or splicing in your answer

A

Free RNA nucleotides from complementary base pairs
Phosphodiester bond forms
By RNA polymerase

44
Q

Describe how mRNA is formed by transcription in eukaryotes

A

1) Hydrogen bonds break between DNA bases
2) One DNA strand acts as a template
3) Free RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing
4) Uracil base, pairs with adenine on DNA
5) RNA polymerase joins nucleotides
6) Phosphodiester bonds form
7) Pre-mRNA is splices to form mRNA

45
Q

Describe how a polypeptide is formed by translation of mRNA

A

1) Ribosomes attach with mRNA
2) Anticodons bind to complementary codons
3) tRNA brings specific amino acid
4) Amino acids join by peptide bonds
5) Amino acids join using ATP
6) tRNA is released
7) The ribosome moves along the mRNA to form the polypeptide

46
Q

Describe how mRNA is produced in a plant cell

A

1) DNA strands separate breaking H bonds
2) One of template strand used to make mRNA
3) Complementary base pairing A and U, T and A, C and G, G and C
4) Nucleotides join by RNA polymerase
5) Pre-mRNA formed
6) Splicing to form mRNA

47
Q

Describe the role of a ribosome in the production of a polypeptide. DO not include transcription in your answer

A

1) mRNA binds to ribosome
2) Two codons
3) tRNA binds with anticodons
4) Catalyses formation of peptide bond between amino acids
5) Moves mRNA to next codon (translocation)

48
Q
A

Biology (57 decks)

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