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Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a feature the cellulose wall has that makes it suitable for its function?

A

Provides rigity
Prevents cell from bursting as water enters by osmosis
Does this by exerting pressure inwards to stop further influx of water (providing maximum surface area for photosynthesis)

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2
Q

How is the structure of cellulose is suited for its function?

A

Made up of beta glucose so forms long straight unbranched chains
Chains run parallel and are cross linked by hydrogen bonds (strengthen cell)
Microfibrils provide more strength

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3
Q

What kind of monomers is Cellulose made out of?

A

Beta glucose

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4
Q

What do the cellulose molecules grouped together form

A

Microfibrils
Microfibrils are then grouped together to form fibres

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5
Q

Cellulose’s chains and branches

A

Has straight unbranched chains that run parallel to one another to form cross-linkages between adjacent chains

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6
Q

Starch’s chains

A

Branched or unbranched
Unbranched wounds them into tight coil (making molecule compacy)

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7
Q

Starch structure and function

A

Large, insoluble = water is not drawn into cells by osmosis
Compact = lots stored
Hydrolysed forms alpha glucose for respiration
Many ends on branches = enzymes act on it and glucose monomers are released rapidly

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8
Q

Is starch insoluble in water

A

Yes

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9
Q

Test for starch

A
  1. Place 2cm3 sample being tested into test tube
  2. Add 2 drops of iodine solution and shake/stir
  3. If it turns black or blue it has starch
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10
Q

Glycogens chains

A

Shorter chains
More highly branched

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11
Q

Glycogen’s function/purpose

A

Carbohydrate storage

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12
Q

Why is glycogen good for storage?

A

Insoluble = doesn’t draw water into cells and doesnt diffuse out of cells
Compact = lots can be stored in a small space
Highly branched = more ends acted on by enzymes. Can be broken easily for respiration

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13
Q

Where is glycogen found in

A

Animals and bacteria
NEVER PLANTS

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14
Q

What is the process called when water is added to disaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis

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15
Q

What joins together to form Lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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16
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A

(Benedicts test)
1. 2cm3 sample with 2cm3 of Benedicts reagent in test tube and filter
3. Boil for 5 mins
4. No colour change sugar not present
5. Add 2cm3 of sample to 2cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid and boil. Acid hydrolise disaccharide present in monosaccharides
6. Slowly add sodium hydrogencarbonate solution to neutralise acid
7. Test with pH paper => alkaline
8. Re-test resulting solution by heating it with 2cm3 of benedicts regent in boiling water for 5 mins
9. Orange-brown

17
Q

Whats the reaction called that forms the glycosidic bonds?

A

Condensation

18
Q

What joins together to form Sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

19
Q

What happens when polysaccharides are hydrolysed

A

BReak down into disaccharides or monosacchrides

20
Q

How are polysaccharides formed

A

Combining together many monosaccharide molecules

21
Q

Name the 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

22
Q

What joins together to form maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

23
Q

Difference between condensation and hydrolysis

A

Condensation = giving out water in reactions
Hydrolysis = taking in of water to split molecules

24
Q

What is the reaction called when monosaccharides join together?

A

Condensation

25
Q

Name the 3 polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

26
Q

Describe polysaccharides molecules

A

Very large
Insoluble
Making then suitable for storage

27
Q

What happens to disaccharide when water is added to it (under suitable conditions)?

A

Breaks down the glycosidic bond releasing constituent

28
Q

What chains is starch made up of and what bonds form?

A

Alpha glucose monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

29
Q

What is the bond formed when monosaccharides join together?

A

Glycosidic

30
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small repeating unit from which larger molecules are made from

31
Q

Lactulose is a dissacharide formed from one molecule of galactose and one molecule of fructose
Other than both being disaccharides give one similarity and one difference between the structure of lactulose and lactose

A

Similarity: Both contain galactose/glycosidic bond
Difference: Lactulose contains fructose, whereas lactose contains glucose

32
Q

Name the three monosaccharides

A

Glucose fructose galactose

33
Q

Name another monomer thats very common

A

Glucose ATP

34
Q

Name different types og glucose monomers

A

Trioses (3C)
Pentose (5C) - ribose
Hexose (6C) - glucose

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