Research Methods - Non Parametric Tests

Question 1

What is nominal data?

Answer 1

“name labels”

Question 2

What is ordinal data?

Answer 2

“order values”

Question 3

What is interval data?

Answer 3

No true 0, but equal intervals

Question 4

Give two examples of nominal data:

Answer 4

1. What is your gender? (Male/Female)

2. What colour is your hair? (Black/Brown/Blonde/Gray)

Question 5

Give two examples of ordinal data:

Answer 5

1. How do you feel today? (1=Very Un-happy 2=Unhappy 3=OK 4=Happy 5=Very Happy)
2. How often do you eat breakfast? (0=Never 1=Rarely 2=Occasionally 3=Sometimes 4=Often etc.)

Question 6

Give two examples of interval data:

Answer 6

1. Celsius temperature

2. Ruler (cm)/(m)

Question 7

What is independent measures design?

Answer 7

One group of ppts take part in one condition of an experiment

Question 8

What is repeated measures design?

Answer 8

One group of ppts take part in both or all conditions of an experiment.

Question 9

What is the criteria for Chi Squared?

Answer 9

Nominal data, IMD

Question 10

What is the criteria for Mann Whitney U?

Answer 10

Ordinal data, IMD

Question 11

What is the criteria for Wilcoxon?

Answer 11

Ordinal data, RMD

Question 12

What is the criteria for Sign Test?

Answer 12

Nominal data, RMD

Question 13

What is the criteria for Spear-man’s Rank?

Answer 13

2 sets of ordinal data, Correlation

Question 14

Which tests involve ranking?

Answer 14

1. Mann Whitney U
2. Wilcoxon
3. Spear-mans rank

Question 15

How is the data ranked in Mann Whitney U?

Answer 15

You rank all the data from condition 1 and condition 2

Question 16

How is the data ranked in Wilcoxon?

Answer 16

You rank the data of the differences between condition 1 and condition 2, ignoring 0 or minus signs

Question 17

How is the data ranked in Spear-mans rank?

Answer 17

The data is ranked separately from variable 1 and variable 2

Question 18

Which tests do not involve ranking?

Answer 18

1. Chi Squared

2. Sign Test

Question 19

In which tests does the observed value have to be larger than the critical value?

Answer 19

“first and last”

1. Chi-squared
2. Spear-man’s rank

Question 20

Using Mann Whitney U, what is the next step after ranking the data?

Answer 20

You add up the (sum of the ranks) from condition 1 and condition 2

Question 21

Using Mann Whitney U, what is the next step after you add up the sum of the ranks?

Answer 21

You use the smallest sum of (r1 or r2)

Question 22

How do you find the calculated/observed value using Mann Whitney U?

Answer 22

Use the smallest sum of (r1 or r2) using the equation:
(n1+1)
U1 = n1n2 + ———– - E R1
2

                 (n2+1) U2 = n1n2 + ---------- - E R2
                     2

Question 23

How do you find the critical value using Mann Whitney U?

Answer 23

You use the number of ppts

Question 24

In Mann Whitney U, which value must be higher in order for it to be significant?

Answer 24

Critical value

Question 25

What is the first step in Wilcoxon?

Answer 25

Find the difference for each ppt from condition 1 and condition 2

Question 26

How do you find the calculated/observed value using Wilcoxon?

Answer 26

You add up the ranks of the least frequent sign (+/-)

Question 27

How do you find the critical value using Wilcoxon?

Answer 27

Use the number of differences, ignoring 0

Question 28

In Wilcoxon, which value must be higher in order for it to be significant?

Answer 28

Critical value

Question 29

What is the first step of Chi Squared?

Answer 29

Work out the row total, column total and overall total

Question 30

In Chi Squared, after you have worked out the overall total, what is the next step?

Answer 30

Work out the expected frequency for each cell

Question 31

How do you work out the expected frequency in Chi Squared?

Answer 31

expected frequency = row total x column total
———————————-
overall total

Question 32

In Chi Squared, after you have worked out the expected frequency, what is the next step?

Answer 32

You work out the observed value for each cell

Question 33

How do you work out the observed value in Chi Squared?

Answer 33

Observed value = (observed - expected) 2
———————————-
expected

Question 34

How do you find the calcluated/observed value in Chi Squared?

Answer 34

You add up the observed value for each cell to get the overall observed value

Question 35

How do you find the critical value in Chi Squared?

Answer 35

You use degrees of freedom

Question 36

What is the equation for degrees of freedom?

Answer 36

df = (number of rows-1) (number of columns-1)

Question 37

In Chi Squared, which value must be higher in order for it to be significant?

Answer 37

The observed value

Question 38

What is the first step in Sign test?

Answer 38

Establish whether you are using one-tailed or two-tailed hypothesis and add a column to show the flow of direction (-/+) and ignore no changes

Question 39

How do you find the calculated/observed value in Sign test?

Answer 39

You add up the least frequent sign (+/-)

Question 40

How do you find the critical value in Sign test?

Answer 40

You use the number of ppts

Question 41

In Sign test, which value must be higher in order for it to be significant?

Answer 41

The critical value

Question 42

After you have ranked data in Spear-man’s rank, what is the next step?

Answer 42

You find the differences between the ranks for each ppt

Question 43

What is the third step in Spear-man’s rank?

Answer 43

You square the differences for each ppts

Question 44

How do you find the calculated/observed value?

Answer 44

You add up the sum of the squared differences and use it in the equation:

         6 x sum of d2 rho = 1 - ------------------
                n2-n

Question 45

How would you find the critical value using Spear-man’s rank?

Answer 45

Use the number of ppts

Question 46

In Spear-man’s rank, which value must be higher in order for it to be significant?

Answer 46

The observed value