RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards
What are the different experiments ?
Lab
Field
Natural
Quasi
Lab experiment
conducted in a highly controlled environment
IV can be manipulated
Evaluation of Lab experiments
+ Highly controlled - Less extraneous variables
+ Replication
- Lacks generalisability
Field experiment
Conducted in a controlled real-life environment and IV is manipulated in natural setting
Evaluation of Field experiments
+ Natural - Ecological validity
- Loss of control
- Extraneous variables
Natural experiment
Conducted in natural environment with naturally occurring IV with no control
Evaluation of Natural experiment
+ High external validity
- No demand characteristics
- Rare/Lack control
Quasi experiment
IV is based on existing differences between people E.g. having pp autism or not
Evaluation of Quasi experiment
+ Shares lab evaluation
- Cannot be randomly allocated
What is a correlation
Direction of a relationship between two or more co-variables (scatter graphs)
What are the different types of correlations ?
Postive
Negative
Zero
What is a positive correlation ?
Both variables rise
What is a negative correlation ?
1 variable rises as 1 variable falls
What is a zero correlation ?
No relationship
Evaluation of Correlation
+ Useful, quantifiable measures
- Lack of manipulation
- Quick and economical
What are the different observation techniques ?
Participant v Non - participant
Covert v Overt
Naturalist v Controlled
Observation
Observing the behaviours of others
Naturalist v Controlled Observation
Naturalist: Target behaviour naturally occurs
Controlled: Controlled by the researcher
Covert v Overt Observation
Covert: Participants are unaware of they’re the focus of the study
Overt: Participants are aware they’re being observed
Participant v Non - participant Observation
Participant: Researcher is part of the group
Non-Participant: Researcher remains separate
Self report Questionnaire
Pre-set list of written questions that individuals answer
Open Questionnaire
No fixed ranger, Free to answer
Closed Observation
Fixed response
Event sampling
Event sampling is used to sample behaviour in observational research. It is where an observer records the number of times a certain behaviour occurs.
Time sampling
Time sampling is a method of sampling behaviour in an observation study and is where an observer records behaviour at prescribed intervals. For example, every 10 seconds.
Evaluation of Self report Questionnaire
+ Cost effective
+ Straight forward data
+ Large sample
- Social desirability bias
- Low response rate
What are the different ethics forms
informed consent
Standardised instructions
Debrief
Formate for Informed consent form
- “Dear participants”
- “In this investigation you will be required to …”
- “Following considerations have been made to make this research ethical …” (Describe 3 ethical issues)
- Add a place to sign and date
Formate for Standardised instructions
- “Thank you for agreeing to take part in this study”
- “please do the following …” (Instruction)
- “The following ethical procedures have been put in place …” (Describe 3 ethical issues)
- “Thank you again”
- “Please let me know if you have any questions”
Formate of a Debrief
- “Thank you for taking part in the study”
- “The aim of the study was …”
- “We are predicting that …”
- “In terms of ethical issues …” (Describe 3 ethical issues)
- “Thank you again”
- “Please let me know if you have any questions”
Aim
a general statement of what the researcher is going to investigate
Hypothesis
A prediction of the study
What is Operationalisation ?
Make hypothesis clear and specific
Directional
Has previous research
Non-Directional
No previous research
Template of Directional Experiment
Participant who (Condition A) will (DV) then participants who (Condition B)
Template of Non-directional experiment
There will be a difference in (DV) between participants who (Condition A) and participants who (Condition B)
Template of Directional Correlation
As (Co-variable 1) increases (Co-variable 2)
increases/decreases. This will have a positive/negative correlation.