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BIOPSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

whats the nervous system

A

collects, processes and responds to information in the environment

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3
Q

what is your nervous system divided into

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

somatic and autonomic

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5
Q

whats the PNS

A

everything but brain and spinal chord

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6
Q

whats CNS

A

brain and spinal chord

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7
Q

What’s the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary muscle movement

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8
Q

What’s the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary muscle movement

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9
Q

what are the functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

activate internal organs and conserve energy

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10
Q

what are the branches of the autonomic

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

whats the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

A

activates organs

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12
Q

whats the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

A

conserves energy

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13
Q

what does the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch do to the eyes

A

parasympathetic - contracts pupil

sympathetic - dilates pupil

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14
Q

what does the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch do to the lungs

A

parasympathetic - constricts bronchi

sympathetic - relaxes bronchi

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15
Q

what does the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch do to the heart

A

parasympathetic - slows heart beat

sympathetic - accelerates heartbeat

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16
Q

what does the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch do to the stomach intestines

A

parasympathetic - stimulates activities

sympathetic - inhibits activities

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17
Q

what does the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch do to the blood vessels or internal organs

A

parasympathetic - dilates vessels

sympathetic - contracts vessels

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18
Q

what is the somatic nervous system concerned with

A

muscles and sense organs

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19
Q

what is the autonomatic nervous system concerned with

A

bodily functions

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20
Q

where are hormones secreted to

A

the bloodstream

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21
Q

What secretes hormones?

A

glands

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22
Q

whats the main function of the endocrine system

A

controls vital physiological processes by regulating cell or organ activity

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23
Q

what does the first or immediate shock of stress involve

A

sympathetic branch of your ANS

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24
Q

what does the second or counter shock response of stress involve

A

the parasympathetic branch of your ANS

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25
Q

process of fight or flight syndrome

A

eyes - hypothalamus - activates sympathetic branch - adrenal medulla - releases adrenaline - increase sympathetic activity and decrease parasympathetic

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of neuron

A

motor

sensory

relay

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27
Q

What’s a neuron?

A

nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals

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28
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

carry messages from the PNS to the CNS

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29
Q

structure of a sensory neuron

A

long dendrites and short axons

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29
Q

what are relay neurons

A

connect the sensory neuron to motor or other relay neurons

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30
Q

structure of a relay neuron

A

short dendrites and short axons

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31
Q

Structure of a motor neuron

A

Short dendrites and long axons

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32
Q

What’s a motor neuron?

A

connects the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands

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33
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

within groups known as neural networks

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34
Q

what are neurons separated by

A

synapse

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35
Q

How are signals BETWEEN neurons transmitted?

A

Chemically across the synapse

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36
Q

How are signals WITHIN neurons transmitted?

A

electrically across the synapse

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37
Q

what happens when the electrical impulse reaches the end of the neuron

A

triggers the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles

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38
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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39
Q

what effect do neurotransmitters have on the neighbouring neuron

A

either inhibitory or excitatory

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40
Q

what is excitation

A

When a neurotransmitter increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neuron

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40
Q

what does excitation do

A

increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse

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41
Q

What is inhibition?

A

When a neurotransmitter increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron

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42
Q

what does inhibition do

A

decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse.

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43
Q

What is summation?

A

decision on whether a postsynaptic neuron with fire

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44
Q

where does the motor neuron carry messages

A

away from the brain

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45
Q

where does the sensory neuron carry messages

A

towards the brain

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46
Q

where does the relay neuron carry messages

A

in between the other neurons

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47
Q

what are the ways of scanning the brain

A

fMRI

EEG

ERP

post-mortems

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48
Q

What does fMRI measure?

A

blood flow to the brain

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49
Q

what does an fMRI track

A

oxygenated blood

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50
Q

What is a post-mortem?

A

analysis of brain after death

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50
Q

What is an EEG?

A

measures electrical impulses in the brain (as waves)

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51
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

electroencephalogram

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52
Q

How does an EEG work?

A

electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons

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53
Q

what premise do EEGs work on

A

that information is processed in the brain as electrical activity

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54
Q

What does ERP stand for?

A

event related potential

55
Q

What is an ERP (event related potential)?

A

an application of an EEG where stimulus is presented

56
Q

What does invasive mean?

A

clinician invades the brain or body in some way

57
Q

what does spatial resolution mean

A

The smallest feature (or measurement) that a scanner can detect

58
Q

whats temporal resolution

A

how reflective the scan is of real time

59
Q

What’s causation?

A

whether the scan allow us to detect the cause of the brain changes

60
Q

What is localisation of function in the brain?

A

The theory that lobes are associated with different functions

61
Q

What do the hemispheres control?

A

the opposite side of the body

62
Q

where is the motor area

A

back of the frontal lobe in both hemispheres

63
Q

what does the motor area control

A

voluntary movement on opposite side of body

64
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

front of the parietal lobe in both hemispheres.

65
Q

what does the somatosensory area control

A

what we sense

66
Q

Where is the visual cortex/area located?

A

occipital lobe

67
Q

What does the visual cortex do?

A

processes visual information

68
Q

where does information in the right visual field go to

A

the left side and vice a versa

69
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

temporal lobe

70
Q

what does the auditory area do

A

Analyses speech based information

70
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

left frontal lobe

71
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

speech production

72
Q

How was Broca’s area discovered?

A

post mortem of Paul Broca’s patient Tan

73
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

Broca’s aphasia

74
Q

how can Broca’s aphasia be described?

A

speech that is slow, laborious and lacking in fluency

75
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

left temporal lobe

75
Q

what is Wernickes area responsible for

A

language comprehension

76
Q

what does damage to the Wernicke area result in

A

Wernickes aphasia

77
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

production of fluent but meaningless speech - neologism

78
Q

what’s neologism?

A

nonsense words

79
Q

What’s hemispheric lateralisation?

A

the idea that the two halves of the brain are functionally different

80
Q

who looked into hemispheric lateralisation?

A

Sperry

81
Q

Aim of Sperry’s split brain research

A

To find out about hemispheric lateralisation in relation to the function of left and right of the brain

82
Q

Sample in Sperry’s research

A

11 patients with epilepsy who had undergone a commisurotomy

83
Q

What’s commissurotomy?

A

Surgical incision of the corpus collosum

83
Q

What was the procedure of Sperrys research?

A

Told to focus on a fixation point image/word was projected to patients right visual field and the same or different to the left

84
Q

What would happen in a normal brain in Sperrys research?

A

The corpus collosum would immediately share the information to get a complete picture

85
Q

When was Sperry’s research

A

1968

86
Q

What is the left hemisphere responsible for?

A

analytic and verbal

87
Q

What is the right hemisphere responsible for?

A

spatial ability

88
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

the brain’s ability to change and adapt throughout life adapt as a result of experience and new learning.

89
Q

what happens during infancy with synapses

A

rapid growth in synaptic connections

90
Q

how many synaptic connections do infants have at 2-3 years

A

15000 - twice as many as adult brain

91
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

the ability of neural connections to form rapidly in response to stimuli

92
Q

What was Maguire’s sample?

A

MRI scans of 16 right handed London taxi drivers Aged 32-62 and compared them to a MRI scans of 50 healthy right handed males that did not taxi drive

93
Q

What did Maguire find?

A

Increased grey matter was found in the posterior hippocampus of taxi drivers

94
Q

What does Maguire’s research show?

A

Supports the idea that the brain changes in response to the demands of being a taxi driver and meets demands of environment

95
Q

What is neurorehabilitation?

A

the process of supporting people after brain trauma to regain as much function as possible

95
Q

What is the posterior hippocampus associated with?

A

Development of spatial and navigational skills

96
Q

What are biological rhythms?

A

a change in body processes or behaviour in response to cyclical changes within the environment

97
Q

what are 3 types of biological rhythms

A

Circadian

Infradian

Ultradian

98
Q

what are biological rhythms governed by

A

internal biological clocks

99
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

A type of biological rhythm subject to a 24-hour cycle

100
Q

examples of circadian rhythms

A

Sleep/wake cycle and body temperature.

101
Q

what do circadian rythms help

A

coordinate heartrate, digestion and hormones

102
Q

what are the 2 types of internal biological clocks

A

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers

103
Q

What are endogenous pacemakers?

A

Internal body clocks that regulate many of our biological rhythms.

104
Q

Endogenous pacemaker factors

A
  • Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
  • Pineal gland and Melatonin
104
Q

What is the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

bundle of nerve cells located in the hypothalumus

105
Q

Where is the SCN located?

A

above the optic chiasm

106
Q

what does the optic chiasm do

A

receives information about light then passes the information to the pineal gland

107
Q

what does the pineal gland do in when there is little light

A

increases the production of melatonin

108
Q

Process of Melatonin Secretion

A

light - eyes - optic chiasm - SCN - pineal gland

109
Q

What is an exogenous zeitgeber?

A

external factors that that rese biological clocks

109
Q

Exogenous zeitgebers factors

A
  • Light
  • Social cues
110
Q

How does light influence biological clock?

A

light is a significant factor in controlling our sleep cycle and it can rest the SNC

111
Q

How do social cues influence babies biological clock?

A

infants circadian rhythms begin at 6 weeks and parents influence this encouraging wakefulness in the day and night routine in evening

112
Q

examples of infradian rhythms

A

Menstrual cycle

SAD

112
Q

what are infradian rhythms

A

Natural cycles that occur less than 1 every 24 hours and are longer than 24 hours

113
Q

What does SAD stand for?

A

seasonal affective disorder

114
Q

What’s the menstrual cycle governed by?

A

monthly changes in hormone levels which regulate ovulation

115
Q

What is SAD caused by?

A

lack of melatonin from insufficient amounts of natural light

115
Q

What is SAD?

A

A depressive disorder which has a seasonal pattern of onset

116
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?

A

more than 1 in 24 hours and last less than 24 hours

117
Q

Example of an ultradian rhythm

A

the sleep cycle

118
Q

Sleep Stage 1 and 2 (Theta Waves)

A

light sleep

119
Q

Sleep Stage 2: Light Sleep

A

light sleep

120
Q

Sleep Stage 3 and 4 (delta waves)

A

Deep sleep characterized by regular brain patterns

121
Q

Sleep Stage 5

A

REM, most active stage of sleep

122
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

rapid eye movement

123
Q

what 3 structural changes can happen to the brain during recovery

A

axonal sprouting

reformation of blood vessels

recruitment of homologous areas on opposite hemispheres

124
Q

What happens in the brain during recovery?

A

The brain rewires and reorganises itself by forming new synaptic connections close to the area damage

125
Q

What does homologous mean

A

similar

126
Q

What is axonal sprouting?

A

the axon sprouts to create more synaptic connections

126
Q

whats reformation of blood vessels

A

blood vessel reform or connect so that blood can flow

127
Q

whats the recruitment of homologous areas on opposite hemispheres

A

damages area in one hemisphere gets the same area in opposite hemisphere to perform the function the damaged area no longer can

128
Q

what is functional recovery

A

the brain can adapt to carry out the desired function of a damaged part of the brain

128
Q

function of corpus callosum

A

carry information between hemispheres

Psychology (44 decks)

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