Memory Flashcards
what’s short term memory
limited capacity memory store
what’s long term memory
permanent memory store
what’s duration
the length of time the information can be held in memory
duration of STM
approximately 18 seconds
who looking into duration of STM?
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
Peterson and Peterson sample
24 students
Peterson and Peterson procedure
student took part in eight trials, one trial group the participants were given consonant syllable and a 3 digit number. asked to count backwards from the 3 digit number, to prevent the mental rehearsal. The participants would have to count backwards for different durations (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18).
Peterson and Peterson findings
90% recalled the trigram after the 3 seconds and only 2% remembered after 18 seconds.
capacity of STM
7+/- 2 items
Who looked into capacity of STM?
Joseph Jacobs (1887)
Jacobs procedure
ask participants to remember 4 digits and if successful move on to 5. This would continue to increase until the participant could no longer hold anymore.
Jacobs findings
mean span for digits across all participants was 9.3 items and the mean for letters was 7.3
coding of STM
acoustically
duration of LTM
up to a lifetime
Who looked into duration of LTM?
Henry Bahrick et al (1975)
Bahrick et al sample
392 participants from Ohio America.
Bahrick et al procedure
Recall was tested in various ways: photo-recognition test consisting of 50 photos and free recall in which participants recalled all the names of their graduating class.
Bahrick et al findings
that within 15 years of graduation there was 90% accuracy in photo recognition. After 48 years recall was at 70% for photo recognition
capacity of LTM
unlimited
Who looked into capacity of LTM?
George Miller (1956)
Miller procedure
made observations by everyday practice
Miller findings
someone could remember 7+/-2 things. Miller also noticed that individual could chunk together items (chunking)
coding of LTM
semantically
what’s capacity
the amount of information that can be held in a memory store
Who looked into coding?
Alan Baddeley
Baddeley procedure
illustrated how coding worked by giving a different list of words to four groups of participants to remember:
What where the four groups of Baddeley’s study?
- Group 1 Words that acoustically sound the same
- Group 2 Words that sound acoustically similar
- Group 3 Words that semantically mean the same
- Group 4 Words that semantically mean different
Baddeley findings
found that participants found it harder to code the acoustically similar words in the STM. If the participants were asked to recall the words after 20 mins (LTM) they did worse on semantically similar.
how could we support STM capacity
Millers theory of chunking
where’s Clive Wearing from
UK
how did Clive Wearing get amnesia
developed HSVE
What’s retrograde amnesia?
the inability to recall memories from the past which is linked to damage from the frontal lobe
What’s anterograde amnesia?
the inability to form any new memories which is linked to damage in the hippocampus
why is anterograde amnesia more rarer than retrograde amnesia
linked to damage in the hippocampus which is in the centre of the brain so harder to damage
What’s a coding?
the format in which information is stored in various memory stores
what are the 3 ways can we code information
visual, auditory and semantic
whats visual coding
by the us of images or what we see
whats auditory coding
by the use of auditory information (sound) and what we hear
whats semantic coding
by the meaning of the information
who developed the multistore model of memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
whats attention
the ability to focus selectively on a selected stimulus, sustaining that focus and shifting it at will
whats rehearsal
cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it
What’s retrieval?
the process of recovering or locating information stored in memory
What’s long term memory?
permanent memory store
What’s the sensory register?
contains a store for each of the 5 senses
what are the types of memory in sensory
iconic memory
echoic memory
What’s iconic memory?
visual information
what’s echoic information
auditory
whats the working memory model
a representation of the STM that suggests that its a a dynamic processor of different types of information using sub-units co-ordinated by the central decision making system
who developed the working memory model
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
whats the central executive
the component of memory that co-ordinates the activities of the three subsystems in memory that holds a supervisory role, monitoring incoming data and allocates it to different slave systems in STM