Psychopathology Flashcards by Elliot Eadie

what are the definitions of abnormality

-Statistical Infrequency

-Deviation of social norms

-Failure to Function adequately

-Deviation from ideal mental health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are social norms?

behaviours we accept or expect as the norm, decided by society and culture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

whats deviation

to step away from

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does deviation from social norms state

that abnormality is when we step away from what is normally expected in society

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what 2 things can social norms be

implicit or explicit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does it mean when social norms are implicit

unwritten or unspoken rules in society.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does it mean when social norms are explicit

legal written laws

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is failure to function adequately?

inability to cope with everyday situations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do you know if you’re functioning?

global assessment of functioning questionnaire

behavioural indication

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what’s the global assessment of functioning questionnaire

scores range from 10 to 100

score 10 = suicidal

score 60 = suffer moderately with anxiety

score 100 = superior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what’s behavioural indication for assessing failure to function adequately

behaviours that are dangerous, irrational and unpredictable

behaviours that cause personal distress and distress to others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what’s observer discomfort

distress to others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who put forward deviation from ideal mental health

Jahoda

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does Jahoda’s 6 criteria focus on

positives rather than negatives

e.g. health rather than illness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what were Jahodas 6 major criterion for optimal living

positive attitude towards the self

self-actualisation

resistant to stress

personal autonomy

accurate perception of reality

adapting to the environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what would someone be if they’re unable to show any of the qualities listed in Jahoda’s criteria

vulnerable to mental disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

+ Easy to identify which aspects are missing

Meeting all 6 is demanding
Culturally relative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what’s statistical infrequency

if a trait, way of thinking or behaving is statistically rare its seen as abnormal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is used to decide statistical infrequency

distribution curves - either end of a distribution is rare

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 3 types of phobia symptoms

emotional

cognitive

behavioural

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

Marked and persistent fear
Excessive and unreasonable fear
Anxiety and panic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

Irrational thinking
Resistance of rational argument
Recognising fear is unreasonable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

Avoidance
Freeze or faint
fight or flight
Panic
Endurance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do behaviourist say about phobias

they are acquired through life experiences and reinforcement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who made the two process model?

Mowrer

what does Mowrer's two step process suggest

phobias involve to stages

what are the two types of conditioning

operant and classical

what is the formula for classical conditioning

US=UR CS+US=UR CS=CR

what are each of the stages in Mowrer's two process model

stage 1 - fear is learned(acquired) through classical conditioning stage 2 - fear is maintained through operant conditioning

what happens when a person avoids their phobia according to Mowrer

their phobic behaviour is being negatively reinforced

what are the two main behavioural therapies for treating phobias?

systematic desensitisation flooding

Who made systematic desensitization

Wolpe

what does systematic desensitisation use

principles of classical conditioning

what new response is learned in desensitisation

counterconditioning

What is reciprocal inhibition?

one emotion prevents the other - it is impossible to be afraid and relaxed at the same time

What are the three processes involved in systematic desensitization?

1. Anxiety hierarchy 2. Relaxation 3. Exposure

what is flooding

exposing phobic patients to their phobic stimulus but without a gradual build-up in an anxiety hierarchy - immediate exposure

how does flooding work

stops phobic responses very quickly due to the patients quickly learn that the phobic stimulus is harmless without the option of avoidance behaviour

What are the 3 types of depression symptoms?

emotional cognitive behavioural

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

- lowered mood - Anger - Low self esteem

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

- Dwelling on negatives - Absolute thinking - Poor concentration

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

- Aggressive - Self harm - Reduced activity levels - Disrupting to sleep

what's the main principle of the cognitive approach for depression

depression is caused by the way that you think

key theorists for the cognitive approach to depression

Beck and Ellis

what did Beck propose

cognitive triad

What are the aspects of the cognitive triad

negative view of self, world, and future

What did Ellis propose

ABC model

What does the ABC model consist of

.negative event - irrational belief - unhealthy negative emotion

what does ABC stand for in Ellis' model

activating event belief consequence

What is the goal of CBT

have client practice behavioural activation

what are the steps in CBT

assessment identify plan challenge behaviour

what's the assessment step in CBT

clarify patients problems together

what's the identify step in CBT

pinpoint negative or irrational thoughts that need to be challenged

what's the plan step in CBT

identify goals and put a plan together

what's the challenge step in CBT

work through by challenging and changing thoughts

what's the behaviour step in CBT

behaviour is changed because of changed thoughts

what do therapists draw on to challenge depressive thoughts with their patients

techniques from Beck and Ellis

What does CBT do ?

challenge the elements of the cognitive triad

why do therapists set homework

to investigate the reality of their negative belief

what behavioural therapy did Ellis propose

REBT - rational emotive behavioural therapy

what is key in REBT and what can it be

disputing which can be empirical or logical

What are the 3 characteristics of OCD?

emotional cognitive behavioural

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

- depression - Anxiety - Guilt and disgust

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

- Obsessive thoughts - Cognitive coping strategies - Insight

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

Compulsions Avoidance

what is the cycle of OCD

obsessive thoughts - anxiety - compulsive behaviour -temporary relief

what's the biological approach to explaining OCD

something in our body malfunctions to cause mental disorders that have been linked to various biological causes

what various biological causes have been linked to mental disorders

genes biochemistry brain structure

what are the 2 biological explanations for OCD

genetic neural

what does the neural explanation link to in OCD

the nervous system with neurotransmitters and the brain

what neurotransmitter is linked to OCD and what level

low levels of serotonin

which area of the brain is linked to OCD

lateral frontal lobes (logical thinking and making decisions) left parahippocampal gyrus (unpleasant emotions)

what does a disfunction in the left parahippocampal gyrus result in

more unpleasant emotions

what does the genetic explanation for OCD suggest

OCD is passed down through the genes

what is OCD in terms of genetics

aetiologically heterogenous and polygenic

What does polygenic mean

Many genes influence one phenotypic trait

What does aetiologically heterogeneous mean?

One group of genes may cause OCD in one person but a different group of genes may cause the disorder in another person

what 3 drugs are used to treat OCD

SSRI SNRI tricyclics

What does SSRI stand for?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

whats the most standard medical treatment used for OCD

SSRIs

what does the increase of serotonin levels in the synapse as a result of SSRIs mean

it keeps working and stimulating the postsynaptic neuron

what's the typical daily dose of SSRI fluoxetine (Prozac)

20mg

up to how long can it take for SSRIs to become effective

4 months

What does SNRI stand for

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor

What do SNRIs do

Increase levels of serotonin and noradrenaline

What are tricyclics

an older type of antidepressant with more side effect

on the whole statement for biological approach for treating OCD

on the whole, drugs work by restabilising neurotransmitters in the brain

When is SSRI better?

when SSRI’s are combined with a psychological treatment, usually CBT. Typically symptoms decline significanly for around 70%