Psychopathology Flashcards
what are the definitions of abnormality
-Statistical Infrequency
-Deviation of social norms
-Failure to Function adequately
-Deviation from ideal mental health
What are social norms?
behaviours we accept or expect as the norm, decided by society and culture
whats deviation
to step away from
what does deviation from social norms state
that abnormality is when we step away from what is normally expected in society
what 2 things can social norms be
implicit or explicit
what does it mean when social norms are implicit
unwritten or unspoken rules in society.
what does it mean when social norms are explicit
legal written laws
What is failure to function adequately?
inability to cope with everyday situations
how do you know if you’re functioning?
global assessment of functioning questionnaire
behavioural indication
what’s the global assessment of functioning questionnaire
scores range from 10 to 100
score 10 = suicidal
score 60 = suffer moderately with anxiety
score 100 = superior
what’s behavioural indication for assessing failure to function adequately
behaviours that are dangerous, irrational and unpredictable
behaviours that cause personal distress and distress to others
what’s observer discomfort
distress to others
who put forward deviation from ideal mental health
Jahoda
what does Jahoda’s 6 criteria focus on
positives rather than negatives
e.g. health rather than illness
what were Jahodas 6 major criterion for optimal living
positive attitude towards the self
self-actualisation
resistant to stress
personal autonomy
accurate perception of reality
adapting to the environment
what would someone be if they’re unable to show any of the qualities listed in Jahoda’s criteria
vulnerable to mental disorders
Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health
+ Easy to identify which aspects are missing
- Meeting all 6 is demanding
- Culturally relative
what’s statistical infrequency
if a trait, way of thinking or behaving is statistically rare its seen as abnormal
what is used to decide statistical infrequency
distribution curves - either end of a distribution is rare
what are the 3 types of phobia symptoms
emotional
cognitive
behavioural
What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?
- Marked and persistent fear
- Excessive and unreasonable fear
- Anxiety and panic
What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?
- Irrational thinking
- Resistance of rational argument
- Recognising fear is unreasonable
What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?
- Avoidance
- Freeze or faint
- fight or flight
- Panic
- Endurance
what do behaviourist say about phobias
they are acquired through life experiences and reinforcement
who made the two process model?
Mowrer
what does Mowrer’s two step process suggest
phobias involve to stages
what are the two types of conditioning
operant and classical
what is the formula for classical conditioning
US=UR
CS+US=UR
CS=CR
what are each of the stages in Mowrer’s two process model
stage 1 - fear is learned(acquired) through classical conditioning
stage 2 - fear is maintained through operant conditioning
what happens when a person avoids their phobia according to Mowrer
their phobic behaviour is being negatively reinforced
what are the two main behavioural therapies for treating phobias?
systematic desensitisation
flooding
Who made systematic desensitization
Wolpe
what does systematic desensitisation use
principles of classical conditioning
what new response is learned in desensitisation
counterconditioning
What is reciprocal inhibition?
one emotion prevents the other - it is impossible to be afraid and relaxed at the same time