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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the definitions of abnormality

A

-Statistical Infrequency

-Deviation of social norms

-Failure to Function adequately

-Deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

What are social norms?

A

behaviours we accept or expect as the norm, decided by society and culture

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3
Q

whats deviation

A

to step away from

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4
Q

what does deviation from social norms state

A

that abnormality is when we step away from what is normally expected in society

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5
Q

what 2 things can social norms be

A

implicit or explicit

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6
Q

what does it mean when social norms are implicit

A

unwritten or unspoken rules in society.

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7
Q

what does it mean when social norms are explicit

A

legal written laws

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8
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

inability to cope with everyday situations

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9
Q

how do you know if you’re functioning?

A

global assessment of functioning questionnaire

behavioural indication

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10
Q

what’s the global assessment of functioning questionnaire

A

scores range from 10 to 100

score 10 = suicidal

score 60 = suffer moderately with anxiety

score 100 = superior

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11
Q

what’s behavioural indication for assessing failure to function adequately

A

behaviours that are dangerous, irrational and unpredictable

behaviours that cause personal distress and distress to others

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12
Q

what’s observer discomfort

A

distress to others

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13
Q

who put forward deviation from ideal mental health

A

Jahoda

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14
Q

what does Jahoda’s 6 criteria focus on

A

positives rather than negatives

e.g. health rather than illness

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15
Q

what were Jahodas 6 major criterion for optimal living

A

positive attitude towards the self

self-actualisation

resistant to stress

personal autonomy

accurate perception of reality

adapting to the environment

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16
Q

what would someone be if they’re unable to show any of the qualities listed in Jahoda’s criteria

A

vulnerable to mental disorders

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17
Q

Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

A

+ Easy to identify which aspects are missing

  • Meeting all 6 is demanding
  • Culturally relative
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18
Q

what’s statistical infrequency

A

if a trait, way of thinking or behaving is statistically rare its seen as abnormal

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19
Q

what is used to decide statistical infrequency

A

distribution curves - either end of a distribution is rare

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of phobia symptoms

A

emotional

cognitive

behavioural

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21
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A
  • Marked and persistent fear
  • Excessive and unreasonable fear
  • Anxiety and panic
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22
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A
  • Irrational thinking
  • Resistance of rational argument
  • Recognising fear is unreasonable
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23
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A
  • Avoidance
  • Freeze or faint
  • fight or flight
  • Panic
  • Endurance
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24
Q

what do behaviourist say about phobias

A

they are acquired through life experiences and reinforcement

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25
Q

who made the two process model?

A

Mowrer

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26
Q

what does Mowrer’s two step process suggest

A

phobias involve to stages

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27
Q

what are the two types of conditioning

A

operant and classical

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28
Q

what is the formula for classical conditioning

A

US=UR

CS+US=UR

CS=CR

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29
Q

what are each of the stages in Mowrer’s two process model

A

stage 1 - fear is learned(acquired) through classical conditioning

stage 2 - fear is maintained through operant conditioning

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30
Q

what happens when a person avoids their phobia according to Mowrer

A

their phobic behaviour is being negatively reinforced

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31
Q

what are the two main behavioural therapies for treating phobias?

A

systematic desensitisation

flooding

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32
Q

Who made systematic desensitization

A

Wolpe

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33
Q

what does systematic desensitisation use

A

principles of classical conditioning

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34
Q

what new response is learned in desensitisation

A

counterconditioning

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35
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

one emotion prevents the other - it is impossible to be afraid and relaxed at the same time

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36
Q

What are the three processes involved in systematic desensitization?

A
  1. Anxiety hierarchy
  2. Relaxation
  3. Exposure
37
Q

what is flooding

A

exposing phobic patients to their phobic stimulus but without a gradual build-up in an anxiety hierarchy - immediate exposure

38
Q

how does flooding work

A

stops phobic responses very quickly due to the patients quickly learn that the phobic stimulus is harmless without the option of avoidance behaviour

39
Q

What are the 3 types of depression symptoms?

A

emotional

cognitive

behavioural

40
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A
  • lowered mood
  • Anger
  • Low self esteem
41
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • Dwelling on negatives
  • Absolute thinking
  • Poor concentration
42
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • Aggressive
  • Self harm
  • Reduced activity levels
  • Disrupting to sleep
43
Q

what’s the main principle of the cognitive approach for depression

A

depression is caused by the way that you think

44
Q

key theorists for the cognitive approach to depression

A

Beck and Ellis

45
Q

what did Beck propose

A

cognitive triad

46
Q

What are the aspects of the cognitive triad

A

negative view of self, world, and future

47
Q

What did Ellis propose

A

ABC model

48
Q

What does the ABC model consist of

A

.negative event - irrational belief - unhealthy negative emotion

49
Q

what does ABC stand for in Ellis’ model

A

activating event

belief

consequence

50
Q

What is the goal of CBT

A

have client practice behavioural activation

51
Q

what are the steps in CBT

A

assessment

identify

plan

challenge

behaviour

52
Q

what’s the assessment step in CBT

A

clarify patients problems together

53
Q

what’s the identify step in CBT

A

pinpoint negative or irrational thoughts that need to be challenged

54
Q

what’s the plan step in CBT

A

identify goals and put a plan together

55
Q

what’s the challenge step in CBT

A

work through by challenging and changing thoughts

56
Q

what’s the behaviour step in CBT

A

behaviour is changed because of changed thoughts

57
Q

what do therapists draw on to challenge depressive thoughts with their patients

A

techniques from Beck and Ellis

58
Q

What does CBT do ?

A

challenge the elements of the cognitive triad

59
Q

why do therapists set homework

A

to investigate the reality of their negative belief

60
Q

what behavioural therapy did Ellis propose

A

REBT - rational emotive behavioural therapy

61
Q

what is key in REBT and what can it be

A

disputing which can be empirical or logical

62
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of OCD?

A

emotional

cognitive

behavioural

63
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A
  • depression
  • Anxiety
  • Guilt and disgust
64
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A
  • Obsessive thoughts
  • Cognitive coping strategies
  • Insight
65
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

Compulsions

Avoidance

66
Q

what is the cycle of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts - anxiety - compulsive behaviour -temporary relief

67
Q

what’s the biological approach to explaining OCD

A

something in our body malfunctions to cause mental disorders that have been linked to various biological causes

68
Q

what various biological causes have been linked to mental disorders

A

genes

biochemistry

brain structure

69
Q

what are the 2 biological explanations for OCD

A

genetic

neural

70
Q

what does the neural explanation link to in OCD

A

the nervous system with neurotransmitters and the brain

71
Q

what neurotransmitter is linked to OCD and what level

A

low levels of serotonin

72
Q

which area of the brain is linked to OCD

A

lateral frontal lobes (logical thinking and making decisions)

left parahippocampal gyrus (unpleasant emotions)

73
Q

what does a disfunction in the left parahippocampal gyrus result in

A

more unpleasant emotions

74
Q

what does the genetic explanation for OCD suggest

A

OCD is passed down through the genes

75
Q

what is OCD in terms of genetics

A

aetiologically heterogenous and polygenic

76
Q

What does polygenic mean

A

Many genes influence one phenotypic trait

77
Q

What does aetiologically heterogeneous mean?

A

One group of genes may cause OCD in one person but a different group of genes may cause the disorder in another person

78
Q

what 3 drugs are used to treat OCD

A

SSRI

SNRI

tricyclics

79
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

80
Q

whats the most standard medical treatment used for OCD

A

SSRIs

81
Q

what does the increase of serotonin levels in the synapse as a result of SSRIs mean

A

it keeps working and stimulating the postsynaptic neuron

82
Q

what’s the typical daily dose of SSRI fluoxetine (Prozac)

A

20mg

83
Q

up to how long can it take for SSRIs to become effective

A

4 months

84
Q

What does SNRI stand for

A

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor

85
Q

What do SNRIs do

A

Increase levels of serotonin and noradrenaline

86
Q

What are tricyclics

A

an older type of antidepressant with more side effect

87
Q

on the whole statement for biological approach for treating OCD

A

on the whole, drugs work by restabilising neurotransmitters in the brain

88
Q

When is SSRI better?

A

when SSRI’s are combined with a psychological treatment, usually CBT. Typically symptoms decline significanly for around 70%

psychology (44 decks)

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