forensics - psychological - cognitive

Question 1

what is moral reasoning?

Answer 1

a process that refers to an individual drawing upon their own value system to determine what us right/wrong

Question 2

who was the first to apply moral reasoning to crime?

Answer 2

Kohlberg

Question 3

what is level one?

Answer 3

preconventional morality

Question 4

what is level two?

Answer 4

conventional morality

Question 5

what is level three?

Answer 5

postconventional morality

Question 6

what is stage one?

Answer 6

punishment orientation

Question 7

what is stage two?

Answer 7

personal gain

Question 8

what is stage three?

Answer 8

‘good girl’ or ‘good boy’ morality -> do things for approval

Question 9

what is stage four?

Answer 9

maintaince of social order

Question 10

what is stage five?

Answer 10

morality of contract and individual rights
they will stay inline with law if they’re impartial but go against those that threaten human rights

Question 11

what is stage six?

Answer 11

morality of conscience

they have their own set of ethical principles to abide by

Question 12

the higher the stage ….

Answer 12

the more sophisticated moral reasoning

Question 13

how does criminality link to the stages?

Answer 13

criminals are more likely to be pre-conventional because they have more childish moral reasoning. Since they want to avoid punishment and gain rewards

Question 14

wehere are non criminals on the stages?

Answer 14

they are higher because they feel sympthay, honest and non-violent

Question 15

what did kohlbergs find?

Answer 15

Using his moral dilemmas, found that a group of violent youth were significantly lower level of moral development than non-violent youths.

Question 16

what did palmer and Hollin find?

Answer 16

compared moral reasoning in 332 non-offenders and 126 convicted offenders using moral dilemma-related questions.
The offender group showed less mature moral reasoning than the non offender group.

Question 17

Evaluate Kohlberg

Answer 17

+kohlberg
+ palmer and Hollin
- alternative explantions

Question 18

what is a cognitive distortion?

Answer 18

Faulty, biased and irrational ways of thinking that mean we perceive ourselves, other people of the world inaccurately and often negatively.

Question 19

2 examples of cognitive distortions

Answer 19

Hostile Attribution bias
Minimalisation

Question 20

2 examples of cognitive distortions

Answer 20

Hostile Attribution bias
Minimalisation

Question 21

what is Hostile Attribution bias?

Answer 21

The tendency to judge ambiguous situations, or the actions of others as aggressive or threatening when in reality they may not be.

Question 22

what was Schonenberg and jusyte research findings?

Answer 22

Findings show that 55 violent offenders were significantly more likely to perceive the images as angry or hostile compared to the matched control group.

Question 23

what is minimalisation?

Answer 23

A type of deception that involves downplaying the significance of an event or emotions. It is used as a common strategy when dealing with feelings of guilt.

Question 24

what was barbarees research?

Answer 24

Found among 26 incarcerated rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offense at all and a further 40% minimised the harm they had caused to the victim.

Question 25

what was pollocks and hashmalls research?

Answer 25

Reported that 35% of child molesters argued they crime was non-sexual (they were just being ‘affectionate’), 36% stated that the victim had consented.

Question 26

what is the practical applications for cognitive distortions?

Answer 26

CBT- help change the minset of criminals so they dont re-offend and have a less distorted view of their actions. Useful for society, less crime.

Question 27

whats a lmitation of cognitive destortions?

Answer 27

they have a lack of predictive value since they describe the mind and we can predict who will re-pffend but unlike biological explanations that say genes cause criminality, the cognitive explanation doesnt pin point anything that causes cime and thus we cannot predict who will be ciminal