Research Ethics

Question 1

What does research ethics often involve questions about?

Answer 1

human subject research, animal experimentation, scientific misconduct, whistleblowing.

Question 2

What are the key moments in the history of research ethics? (list)

Answer 2

1. hippocratic oath (virtue based) 2. nuremberg Code (rights based) 3. helsinki declaration (rights based). 4. belmont report (virtue based) 5. institutional review boards (utilitarian based)

Question 3

What is the hippocratic corpus/oath?

Answer 3

hippocrates founded the hippocratic school of medicine in 400 BCE. modern translation is i will utterly reject harm and mischief. interpretation is; first do no harm. its done at the white coat ceremonies of graduating med students.

Question 4

What is the Nuremberg Military Tribunals?

Answer 4

after research done by Nazis was considered crimes against humanity and medical torture. so exposed heinous research done.

Question 5

What is the nuremberg code?

Answer 5

standards for medical experimentation on humans drafted in 1949 after the nuremberg trials/ 10 principles of human research drafted. says consent is absolutely essential

Question 6

What is the helsinki delcaration?

Answer 6

ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed by the world medical association in helsinki in 1964. changes consent requirements from informed consent o allow surrogate consent plus assent. non-therapeutic research still requires consent. informs national policies but is not international law.

Question 7

What are the impacts of the NC and HD?

Answer 7

failed to prevent the Tuskegee syphilis experiment.

Question 8

What is the belmont inquiry and report?

Answer 8

published in 1976 after examining the tuskegee case to address clinical trials. features 3 ethical principles ti guide human research. 1. respect for participants’ autonomy. 2. beneficence 3. justice

Question 9

What are the principles of biomedical ethics?

Answer 9

1. non-maleficence: do no harm 2. deneficance: do good act in the best interests of others. 3. autonomy; maximize freedom for individual or community to choose 4. justice; treat equal cases equally and unequal cases equitably.

Question 10

What are the key research ethics considerations?

Answer 10

informed consent, deception and cheating, coercion, privacy and confidentiality, human dignity.

Question 11

What do REB-1 reviewers do?

Answer 11

attempt to weigh and balance the potential harms of the research against the potential benefits for the public good. so how much risk is too much risk.

Question 12

Do REBs ensure research is always ethical?

Answer 12

inconsistency in individual reviewers’ judgments, decisions often based on utilitarian reasoning, balancing potential harm with potential benefits is not straightforward, minimal risk is vague so minor increase above minimal risk remains vague

Question 13

What does kopelman argue we should do to improve the REB balancing process?

Answer 13

1. develop effective risk assessment tools 2. be wary of crude utilitarianism and avoid using utilitarian thinking exclusively 3. identify and acknowledge when we are making moral judgments 4. recognize thresholds and deontological duties.

Question 14

What is whistleblowing?

Answer 14

raising concerns to stop professional wrong doings. identifying and disclosing unacceptable actions externally or internally

Question 15

What makes whistleblowing so difficult?

Answer 15

fear of retaliation/label of snitching. culture of support not in place. feeling coerced to ignore. confidentiality rarely assured.

Question 16

When are ppl more likely to whistleblow?

Answer 16

direct observation, perceive wrongdoing to be serious, believe reporting will bring about change, knowledge of and trust in internal channels.