Research Flashcards
which variable is directly manipulated by the experimenter
independent variable
which variable is affected by manipulation…
dependent variable
which is independent variable: treatment or disorder?
treatment (disorder is dependent variable as severity of disorder depends upon tx)
which is independent variable: awkward situation or amount of stuttering?
awkward situation (amount of stuttering is dependent variable- stutter more in awkward situation)
which is independent variable: clinician’s modeling or client’s imitation
clinician’s modeling (this affects client’s imitation, which is dependent upon amount of modeling)
this research observes phenomena of interest and records observations
descriptive research
this research begins with the effect of independent variables that occurred in the past
ex post facto research
in correlational research (relationships between variables using “relationship” and “related”, not “cause” and “effect”), what is the Pearson r?
scale from -1.0 to 0 to +1.0;
number close to +1.0 = stronger and more positive the relationship
number close to -1.0 = stronger and more negative the relationship
number close to 0 = weaker the relationship
in this type of research, the person immerses themselves in situation being studied; try to understand phenomena as they naturally occur in an environment
ethnographic research
difference between interval and ratio scales
in ratio, a 0 is present (absolute point)
when an instrument measures what it claims to measure
validity
consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly
reliability
when a test predicts future performance on a similar/related task…. GRE scores predictive of praxis scores
predictive/criterion validity
when a new test correlates with an existing test (comparing a new artic test to an already existing artic test)
concurrent validity
a look at all test items to ensure they adequately sample the full range of skills being tested
content validity
when same test given to same people twice and scores are same (positively correlated)
test-retest reliability
measures internal consistency of a test
split-half reliability
when 2 or more people agree (in measuring)
interjudge reliability
same observer measures same event consistently
intrajudge reliability
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of group designs
advantage: strong internal validity (confounding variables are ruled out)
disadvantage: diff. to randomly draw participants
ABA design of single subject designs
A: baseline
B: treatment
A: treatment withdrawal
purports to show that treatment and no other variable was responsible for increase in skills
ABAB design of single subject designs
A: baseline
B: treatment
A: treatment withdrawal
B: treatment again
purports to show that treatment was effective because skills declined during withdrawal and increased when treatment began again
multiple baseline designs of single subject designs
effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only treated skills did (without treatment withdrawal)
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of single-subject designs
advantage: more easily replicated (no need to randomize samples, just use clients they have)
disadvantage: do not predict behavior of groups of individuals, just intensively studying individuals