Research

Question 1

which variable is directly manipulated by the experimenter

Answer 1

independent variable

Question 2

which variable is affected by manipulation…

Answer 2

dependent variable

Question 3

which is independent variable: treatment or disorder?

Answer 3

treatment (disorder is dependent variable as severity of disorder depends upon tx)

Question 4

which is independent variable: awkward situation or amount of stuttering?

Answer 4

awkward situation (amount of stuttering is dependent variable- stutter more in awkward situation)

Question 5

which is independent variable: clinician’s modeling or client’s imitation

Answer 5

clinician’s modeling (this affects client’s imitation, which is dependent upon amount of modeling)

Question 6

this research observes phenomena of interest and records observations

Answer 6

descriptive research

Question 7

this research begins with the effect of independent variables that occurred in the past

Answer 7

ex post facto research

Question 8

in correlational research (relationships between variables using “relationship” and “related”, not “cause” and “effect”), what is the Pearson r?

Answer 8

scale from -1.0 to 0 to +1.0;
number close to +1.0 = stronger and more positive the relationship
number close to -1.0 = stronger and more negative the relationship
number close to 0 = weaker the relationship

Question 9

in this type of research, the person immerses themselves in situation being studied; try to understand phenomena as they naturally occur in an environment

Answer 9

ethnographic research

Question 10

difference between interval and ratio scales

Answer 10

in ratio, a 0 is present (absolute point)

Question 11

when an instrument measures what it claims to measure

Answer 11

validity

Question 12

consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly

Answer 12

reliability

Question 13

when a test predicts future performance on a similar/related task…. GRE scores predictive of praxis scores

Answer 13

predictive/criterion validity

Question 14

when a new test correlates with an existing test (comparing a new artic test to an already existing artic test)

Answer 14

concurrent validity

Question 15

a look at all test items to ensure they adequately sample the full range of skills being tested

Answer 15

content validity

Question 16

when same test given to same people twice and scores are same (positively correlated)

Answer 16

test-retest reliability

Question 17

measures internal consistency of a test

Answer 17

split-half reliability

Question 18

when 2 or more people agree (in measuring)

Answer 18

interjudge reliability

Question 19

same observer measures same event consistently

Answer 19

intrajudge reliability

Question 20

1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of group designs

Answer 20

advantage: strong internal validity (confounding variables are ruled out)
disadvantage: diff. to randomly draw participants

Question 21

ABA design of single subject designs

Answer 21

A: baseline

B: treatment

A: treatment withdrawal

purports to show that treatment and no other variable was responsible for increase in skills

Question 22

ABAB design of single subject designs

Answer 22

A: baseline

B: treatment

A: treatment withdrawal

B: treatment again

purports to show that treatment was effective because skills declined during withdrawal and increased when treatment began again

Question 23

multiple baseline designs of single subject designs

Answer 23

effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only treated skills did (without treatment withdrawal)

Question 24

1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of single-subject designs

Answer 24

advantage: more easily replicated (no need to randomize samples, just use clients they have)
disadvantage: do not predict behavior of groups of individuals, just intensively studying individuals