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IGCSE Biology > Reproduction in Humans > Flashcards

Reproduction in Humans Flashcards

1
Q

What are ovaries?

A

Organs that produce female gametes (eggs)

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2
Q

What are oviducts?

A

Tubes from ovary to uterus (AKA fallopian tubes)

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3
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The organ where a foetus develops before birth

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4
Q

What is the vagina?

A

An opening from the uterus to the outside of the body

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5
Q

What is the cervix?

A

A small hole between the uterus and vagina

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6
Q

What are the testes?

A

The organs where the sperm is made

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7
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The ballsack

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8
Q

What is the sperm duct?

A

A tube that transports sperm from testes to urethra

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9
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

The gland responsible for producing fluid in which sperm is transported

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10
Q

What is the epididymis

A

The part of the testes where sperm is stored

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11
Q

Describe an egg cell

A

Nucleus with chromosomes
Cytoplasm with yolk (energy stores)
Cell membrane
Jelly coat surrounding cell membrane

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12
Q

Describe a sperm cell

A

Head contains nucleus to produce energy for swimming and acrosome, to dissolve the jelly coat of the egg (it contains enzymes)

Middle piece containing mitochondria to produce energy for swimming

Tail (Flagellum) to move faster

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13
Q

What is implantation?

A

The attachment of the embryo to the lining to the uterus

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14
Q

What is an embryo?

A

A ball of cells produced by repeated division of the zygote

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15
Q

When does an embryo become a foetus?

A

When all the organs are formed

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16
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A temporary organ inside the mother, used to transport nutrients from the mother’s blood to the baby’s blood, but ensuring there is no direct blood contact.

17
Q

What is the amniotic sac?

A

A membrane surrounding a developing foetus in the uterus.

18
Q

What is amniotic fluid?

A

Liquid secreted by the amniotic sac, to support and protect the foetus.

19
Q

What is a follicle?

A

A structure in the ovary, where the egg develops

20
Q

What is menstruation?

A

When uterus lining is shed through the vagina

21
Q

What is puberty?

A

The time at which sexual maturity is reached (able to reproduce)

22
Q

(Triple) What are the two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinising hormone)

23
Q

(Triple) What are the two hormones secreted by the ovaries?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

24
Q

(Triple) What is the function of FSH

A

Causes a follicle to develop in an ovary

25
Q

(Triple) What is the function of LH

A

Causes ovulation (release of an egg from the ovary)

26
Q

(Triple) What is the function of oestrogen

A

Causes uterus lining to thicken

27
Q

(Triple) What is the function of progesterone

A

Keeps uterus lining thick and spongy (to receive a fertilised egg)

28
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A

A structure formed from the follicle after ovulation, which secretes progesterone. (If an egg is released, keep the uterus lining thick)

29
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 0 - Follicle develops
Day 14 - Ovulation
Day 24 - Corpus luteum develops
Day 28 - Restart

30
Q

What happens to the uterus wall throughout the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 0-5: Shedding (Menstruation)
Day 5-24 Thickening
Day 24-28 Maintenance

31
Q

Describe the patterns among LSH, FH, progesterone and oestrogen throughout the menstrual cycle

A

FSH and LH are relatively constant but peak at day 14 (ovulation)

Oestrogen peaks at day 14 and day 23
Progesterone peaks at day 23.

Oestrogen is not present days 0-7.
Progesterone is not present days 0-14

32
Q

What is an STI?

A

A disease that is transmitted by sexual contact

33
Q

What are HIV and AIDS?

A

HIV is transmitted through contact of bodily fluids, and if not attended to, develops into AIDS after about 10 years.
AIDS destroys white blood cells, sabotaging the immune system.
A person with AIDS can die from a disease that is normally easily stopped

34
Q

What are the three ways HIV can be transmitted?

A

Sexual contact
Blood contact
Breast feeding

(interacting with someone with HIV otherwise is safe)

IGCSE Biology (20 decks)

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