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IGCSE Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates made of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (C, H, O)

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2
Q

What are the most common carbohydrates?

A

Glucose (Sugars), Starch, Cellulose

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3
Q

What is the formula of glucose (higher level)

A

C6H12O6

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4
Q

What is the function of glucose

A

It is used in respiration to release energy

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5
Q

What is the chemical test for glucose

A

Benedict’s solution heated

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6
Q

What are the positive and negative results of the benedict’s solution test

A

Positive: Turns Orange/Red Negative: Stays Blue

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7
Q

What is starch made of

A

MANY glucose molecules

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8
Q

What is the function of starch

A

Stores energy in plant cells

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9
Q

What is the chemical test for starch

A

Iodine Solution

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10
Q

What are the positive and negative results of the Iodine solution test

A

Positive: Turns blue/black Negative: Stays red/orange

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11
Q

What is another term commonly used for glucose or simple sugars made of glucose

A

reducing sugars

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12
Q

What is glycogen made of

A

MANY molecules of glucose

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13
Q

What is the function of glycogen

A

Stores energy in animal cells

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14
Q

What substances are lipids made of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (C, H, O)

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15
Q

What is the difference between the two types of lipids (fats and oils)

A

Fats are solids at room temperature, whereas oils are liquids at room temperature.

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16
Q

What are fat molecules made of (higher level)

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

17
Q

What is the chemical test for lipids

A

Ethanol emulsion test

18
Q

What are the positive/negative results for the ethanol emulsion test

A

Positive: Turns milky white Negative: Stays colorless

19
Q

What are proteins made of (higher level)

A

A molecule of many amino acids linked together

20
Q

What is the function of a protein based on

A

The sequence of the amino acids

21
Q

What substances are proteins made of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (C, H, O, N)

22
Q

What is the chemical test for proteins

A

Biuret Solution

23
Q

What are the positive/negative results for the biuret solution test

A

Positive: Turns purple Negative: Stays blue

24
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microogranisms that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, etc.)

25
Q

What are antibodies and their function

A

Molecules made by white blood cells, binding to pathogens to help destroy them

26
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Molecules linked together in long chains to make a DNA molecule

27
Q

What is a base and what are the four bases

A

A component of DNA, (A, C, G, T)

28
Q

What is the function of bases

A

Their sequence determines what proteins are made in the cell

29
Q

Which bases always pair up with each other

A

A with T and C with G

30
Q

What is the shape of DNA (higher level)

A

A double-helix

31
Q

What is the chemical test for vitamin C

A

DCPIP (purple)

32
Q

How is a test carried out for vitamin C

A

Measure how many drops of DCPIP it takes to decolorise the DCPIP. The faster it loses its color, the more vitamin C is present

IGCSE Biology (20 decks)

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