Human Nutrition Flashcards
What are the 6 types of nutrient humans need in their diet?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Water
Minerals.
Which atoms make up Carbohydrates and Lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Which atoms make up Proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Protein
What are some high-fat foods?
Butter
Oil
Fish
Nuts
Avocado
Cheese
What are some high-carb foods?
Bread
Potato
Rice
Corn
Cake
What are some high-protein foods?
Meat
Fish
Eggs
Nuts
Cheese
What is peristalsis?
The process of using muscular contractions to move food through alimentary canal
What is the alimentary canal?
The parts of the digestive system through which foods pass through
What are the parts of the alimentary canal?
- salivary glands
- oesophagus
- stomach
- duodenum
- ileum
- colon
- rectum
- anus
Which foods contain vitamin C
Oranges, lemons, limes, raw vegetables
Why is vitamin C needed
To make collagen (a protein), keeping tissues in good health
What is the Vitamin C deficiency disease?
Scurvy, causing pain in joints and muscles, common for those who don’t eat vegetables #rodrigo
Which foods contain vitamin D
butter, egg, yolk (and sunlight)
Why is Vitamin D needed
Helps calcium be absorbed
What is the Vitamin D deficiency disease
Rickets, leading to soft or deformed bones, common in young children who lack sunlight
Which foods contain calcium
Milk, dairy, bread
Which foods contain iron
Red meat, liver, egg yolk, green veggies
Why is calcium needed
for bones and teeth and blood clotting
Why is iron needed
to make haemoglobin
What is the iron deficiency disease?
Anaemia, not enough red blood cells so tissues don’t get enough oxygen delivered to them
What is the calcium deficiency disease?
Brittle bones, teeth, poor blood clotting
What is the use of fibre?
To help foods pass through the alimentary canal
What are the four steps of digestion?
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion
What is the liver’s function?
Produces bile and regulates blood glucose concentration
What is the pancreas’s function?
Secreting pancreatic juice, insulin, and glucagon.
What is the difference between physical and chemical digestion?
Physical - breaking down large pieces
What are sphincter muscles?
Rings of muscles that contract to close a tube.
What is mucus?
A smooth viscous fluid secreted by many organs
What are goblet cells?
Cells found in epithelium of digestive and respiratory system, that secrete mucus
What is the gall bladder?
Small organ that holds bile, before it is released into the duodenum
What is bile?
a base fluid produces by liver which helps digest fat
What is the bile duct?
tube carrying bile from gallbladder to duodenum
What are salivary glands
Cells that secrete saliva into salivary ducts
What is the oesophagus?
The tube leading from mouth to stomach
What is the stomach?
An organ where protein digestion begins?
What is the duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine which receives pancreatic juice and bile
What is the ileum?
The second part of the small intestine where most food, nutrients and water is absorbed into the blood
What is the pancreatic duct?
Tube carrying pancreatic juice to duodenum fro pancreas
What is the colon?
The first part of the large intestine, that absorbs salts and water from undigested foods
What is the rectum?
The second part of the large intestine where faeces are produced and stored
Which enzyme breaks down?
- starch
- protein
- fat
- amylase
- proteases
- lipases
What are the four types of teeth?
Canines
Incisors
Premolars
Molars
What are incisors?
Chisel-shaped teeth (sharp) used to bite off pieces of food
What are canines?
Similar to incisors, used for killing prey in other mammals
What are premolars?
Teeth with wide surfaces for chewing and grinding food, with ridged surfaces
What are molars?
Larger versions of premolars, in the back of the mouth, with larger ridged surfaces
What is the enamel?
Very strong white material protecting the tooth
What is the dentine?
A tissue just under the enamel
What is the cement?
The material holding a tooth in the gums
What does the pulp contain?
Nerves and blood vessels
Where is amylase secreted and used?
Secreted by salivary and pancreatic glands
Used in mouth and duodenum
Where are proteases secreted and used?
Secreted in Stomach walls and pancreas
Used in stomach and duodenum
Where are lipases secreted and used?
Secreted by Pancreas
Used in duodenum
What is gastric juice?
A liquid secreted by stomach walls, containing pepsin and HCl
What is pepsin?
A protease in the stomach with an optimum pH of 2.
What is the function of bile?
To emulsify fats (dissolve into smaller pieces)
What is trypsin?
A protease in the duodenum, made in the pancreas.
What is maltose?
A reducing sugar made of two glucose molecules
What is the process of breaking down starch into glucose
starch -> maltose (via amylase)
maltose -> glucose (via maltase)
What are the linings of stomach walls and intenstine walls called?
Epithelia
What are the base units of
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats
glucose molecules
amino acids
1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
What are villi?
small finger-like shapes on the inner surface of the small intestine, to increase its surface area for faster absorption
What are microvilli?
More of these shapes on the villi themselves to further increase surface area.
What is a lacteal?
Small vessels in villi to absorb base units of fats (glycerol and fatty acids) into the blood
