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IGCSE Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 types of nutrient humans need in their diet?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Water
Minerals.

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2
Q

Which atoms make up Carbohydrates and Lipids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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3
Q

Which atoms make up Proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Protein

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4
Q

What are some high-fat foods?

A

Butter
Oil
Fish
Nuts
Avocado
Cheese

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5
Q

What are some high-carb foods?

A

Bread
Potato
Rice
Corn
Cake

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6
Q

What are some high-protein foods?

A

Meat
Fish
Eggs
Nuts
Cheese

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7
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The process of using muscular contractions to move food through alimentary canal

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8
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The parts of the digestive system through which foods pass through

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9
Q

What are the parts of the alimentary canal?

A
  • salivary glands
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • duodenum
  • ileum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anus
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10
Q

Which foods contain vitamin C

A

Oranges, lemons, limes, raw vegetables

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11
Q

Why is vitamin C needed

A

To make collagen (a protein), keeping tissues in good health

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12
Q

What is the Vitamin C deficiency disease?

A

Scurvy, causing pain in joints and muscles, common for those who don’t eat vegetables #rodrigo

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13
Q

Which foods contain vitamin D

A

butter, egg, yolk (and sunlight)

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14
Q

Why is Vitamin D needed

A

Helps calcium be absorbed

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15
Q

What is the Vitamin D deficiency disease

A

Rickets, leading to soft or deformed bones, common in young children who lack sunlight

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16
Q

Which foods contain calcium

A

Milk, dairy, bread

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17
Q

Which foods contain iron

A

Red meat, liver, egg yolk, green veggies

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18
Q

Why is calcium needed

A

for bones and teeth and blood clotting

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19
Q

Why is iron needed

A

to make haemoglobin

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20
Q

What is the iron deficiency disease?

A

Anaemia, not enough red blood cells so tissues don’t get enough oxygen delivered to them

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21
Q

What is the calcium deficiency disease?

A

Brittle bones, teeth, poor blood clotting

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22
Q

What is the use of fibre?

A

To help foods pass through the alimentary canal

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23
Q

What are the four steps of digestion?

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion

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24
Q

What is the liver’s function?

A

Produces bile and regulates blood glucose concentration

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25
Q

What is the pancreas’s function?

A

Secreting pancreatic juice, insulin, and glucagon.

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26
Q

What is the difference between physical and chemical digestion?

A

Physical - breaking down large pieces

27
Q

What are sphincter muscles?

A

Rings of muscles that contract to close a tube.

28
Q

What is mucus?

A

A smooth viscous fluid secreted by many organs

29
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Cells found in epithelium of digestive and respiratory system, that secrete mucus

30
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

Small organ that holds bile, before it is released into the duodenum

31
Q

What is bile?

A

a base fluid produces by liver which helps digest fat

32
Q

What is the bile duct?

A

tube carrying bile from gallbladder to duodenum

33
Q

What are salivary glands

A

Cells that secrete saliva into salivary ducts

34
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The tube leading from mouth to stomach

35
Q

What is the stomach?

A

An organ where protein digestion begins?

36
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine which receives pancreatic juice and bile

37
Q

What is the ileum?

A

The second part of the small intestine where most food, nutrients and water is absorbed into the blood

38
Q

What is the pancreatic duct?

A

Tube carrying pancreatic juice to duodenum fro pancreas

39
Q

What is the colon?

A

The first part of the large intestine, that absorbs salts and water from undigested foods

40
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The second part of the large intestine where faeces are produced and stored

41
Q

Which enzyme breaks down?
- starch
- protein
- fat

A
  • amylase
  • proteases
  • lipases
42
Q

What are the four types of teeth?

A

Canines
Incisors
Premolars
Molars

43
Q

What are incisors?

A

Chisel-shaped teeth (sharp) used to bite off pieces of food

44
Q

What are canines?

A

Similar to incisors, used for killing prey in other mammals

45
Q

What are premolars?

A

Teeth with wide surfaces for chewing and grinding food, with ridged surfaces

46
Q

What are molars?

A

Larger versions of premolars, in the back of the mouth, with larger ridged surfaces

47
Q

What is the enamel?

A

Very strong white material protecting the tooth

48
Q

What is the dentine?

A

A tissue just under the enamel

49
Q

What is the cement?

A

The material holding a tooth in the gums

50
Q

What does the pulp contain?

A

Nerves and blood vessels

51
Q

Where is amylase secreted and used?

A

Secreted by salivary and pancreatic glands
Used in mouth and duodenum

52
Q

Where are proteases secreted and used?

A

Secreted in Stomach walls and pancreas
Used in stomach and duodenum

53
Q

Where are lipases secreted and used?

A

Secreted by Pancreas
Used in duodenum

54
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

A liquid secreted by stomach walls, containing pepsin and HCl

55
Q

What is pepsin?

A

A protease in the stomach with an optimum pH of 2.

56
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

To emulsify fats (dissolve into smaller pieces)

57
Q

What is trypsin?

A

A protease in the duodenum, made in the pancreas.

58
Q

What is maltose?

A

A reducing sugar made of two glucose molecules

59
Q

What is the process of breaking down starch into glucose

A

starch -> maltose (via amylase)
maltose -> glucose (via maltase)

60
Q

What are the linings of stomach walls and intenstine walls called?

A

Epithelia

61
Q

What are the base units of
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats

A

glucose molecules
amino acids
1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

62
Q

What are villi?

A

small finger-like shapes on the inner surface of the small intestine, to increase its surface area for faster absorption

63
Q

What are microvilli?

A

More of these shapes on the villi themselves to further increase surface area.

64
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

Small vessels in villi to absorb base units of fats (glycerol and fatty acids) into the blood

IGCSE Biology (20 decks)

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