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321 - Physiology > Reproduction Cyclicity > Flashcards

Reproduction Cyclicity Flashcards

1
Q

what is puberty followed by in females

A

reproductive cyclicity

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2
Q

Estrus (heat)

A

characterized by endocrine changes, behavioural changes, sexual receptivity and physical and structural changes in the reproductive tract

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3
Q

whcih species undergo Polyestrus

A

cow, cat, pig, rodent

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4
Q

what species undergo seasonally polyestrus

A

long day breeder: mare
short day breeder: sheep

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5
Q

what does seasonally polyestrus mean

A

clusters of estrous cycles during a certain peiod of the year

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6
Q

what does monoestrus mean

A

one cycle per year

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7
Q

what species are monoestrus

A

dog, wolf, fox, bear

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8
Q

what does polyestrous mean

A

uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the year

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9
Q

what are the 4 stages of the estrous cucle of the cow

A

proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus

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10
Q

what stages of the estrous cycle are considered the follicular phase? what kind of follicle persists

A

follicular phase = proestrus and estrus
- follicle is predominant

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11
Q

what 2 stages of estrous are considered the luteal phase. what type of follicle is predominant

A

luteal phase = metestrus and diestrus. CL is predominant

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12
Q

what is the predominant hormone at ovulation

A

estrogen

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13
Q

what are some physical changes in the reproductive tract during estrus

A
  • increased blood flow
  • increased edema of tissues (external genetalia)
  • mucus secretion from cervix and caudal vagina
    -elevated urine tone due to smooth muscle contraction
    -growth of uterine glands
  • hyperemia
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14
Q

what effects does the LH surge have on the oocyte

A

promotes maturation of oocyte (progression of meiosis) prior to ovulation, induces breakdown of cytoplasmic processes allowing oocyte to resume meiosis
- primary oocyte arrested at meiotic prophase completes its first meiotic division under the influence of LH

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15
Q

what is the cardinal sign of estrus in a cow

A

standing estrus: cow allows mating or stands in a characteristic mating posture to be mounted by herd mates

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16
Q

Proestrus

A

2-5 days immediately preceding behavioural estrus, ovulatory follicles develop, secretes E2

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17
Q

Estrus

A

shortest stage, period of sexual receptivity and maximum e2 secretion

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18
Q

Metestrus

A

period of CL development and beginning of P4 secretion

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19
Q

what day does the CL become fully functional

A

Day 5 (day 0 = day of estrus)

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20
Q

Diestrus

A

presence of fully functional CL, ends with luteolysis

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21
Q

in mammals, what is the ovulated egg (what stage is it arrested in, and what kind of oocyte)

A

secondary oocyte with nucleus arrested at metaphase II

22
Q

when does the ovulated egg in a mammal progress past metaphase II

A

when sperm makes contact with its cytoplasm

23
Q

How does LH have an effect on follicular pressure

A

LH surge will to an increase in production of PGE2 (a prostaglandin). –> promotes histamine production –> increase blood flow to ovary –> increased hydrostatic pressure in follicle –> increase follicular pressure

24
Q

what effect does PGF2 alpha have on ovulation

A

induse contractions of ovarian smooth muscle –> increase follicular pressure

also induce release of lysosomal enzymes from granulosa cells of the follicular wall –> follicular wall weakening

25
Q

following the LH surge, what begins to synthesize P4

A

theca internal cells

26
Q

increased progesterone levels following an LH surge results in what to make the follicular wall even weaker

A

production of collagenases in theca internal –> break down collagen fibers and connective tissue of the tunica albuginea

27
Q

what is a stigma

A

avascular region that develops on the follicular wall which ruptures and releaases the oocyte and follicular fluid

28
Q

after ovulation, what does the remaining follicular structure become

A

corpus leuteum

29
Q

histologically, what 2 types of cells are contained within the CL

A

theca and granulosa cells

30
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

a transient endocrine gland

31
Q

thecca cells become _____ in the CL

A

small luteal cells

32
Q

granulosa cells become ____ in the CL and contain _____ and ____ (2 hormones)

A

granulosa cells become large luteal cells in the CL and contain relaxin and oxytosin

33
Q

small luteal cells and large luteal cells both produce

A

P4

34
Q

what are 4 luteotropic agents

A

LH, prolactin, eCG, hCG

35
Q

when does the CL stop increasing in size

A

in the middle of the cycle

36
Q

through what mechanisms does the CL increase in size

A

hypertrophy of large luteal cells (formerly granulosa)
hyperplasia of small luteal cells (formerly theca)

37
Q

what are 3 target organisms of P4

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. mammary gland
  3. uterus (myometrium and endometrium)
38
Q

what is the mechanism for P4 synthesis in the corpus luteum

A
  • LH activates protein kinases
  • Internalization of LDL-Cholesterol-
    receptor
  • Release of cholesterol esters from its
    receptors
  • Release of cholesterol from
    cholesterol esters
  • Conversion of cholesterol to
    pregnenolone in the mitochondria
  • Conversion of PREG to P4 in the
    cytoplasm
39
Q

what is luteolysis

A

regression of the CL, usually towards the end of diestrus

40
Q

what effect does the uterus have on luteolysis

A

the uterus synthesizes prostaglandin F2 alpha which is a luteolytic factor. if you remove the uterus or the ipsilateral horn that is producing the CL, the CL will persist for longer (aka wont get destroyed)

41
Q

what is the mechanism that ensures PGF2a from the uterus exerts its luteolytic activity on CL without being diluted

A

counter current exchange and passive diffusion between the uterine venous blood and ovarian arterial blood

42
Q

which species does not have counter current exchange of PGF2a from the uterus to the ovary

A

horses, PGF2a reaches ovary through systemic circulation

43
Q

lyteolysis is characterized by a dramatic drop in which hormone

A

p4

44
Q

what hormones control luteolysis

A

P4, oxytocin, and PGF2a

45
Q

what 2 hormones are important for the synthesis of oxytocin receptors in the uterus

A

P4 and E2

46
Q

why is the expression of oxytocin receptors in the uterus important

A

oxytocin secreted by the CL must act on uterine endometrium for the synthesis of PGF2a in a pusatile manner

47
Q

what stimulates the growth of a cohort of factors. what do these growing follicles effect

A

high FSH, Low LH

  • produces small amounts of E2 and inhibin, both inhibitory to the pituitary
48
Q

under what conditions do selected follicles grow

A

Low FSH, moderate LH, moderiate inhibin

49
Q

how many selected follicles become dominant

A

1 or 2

50
Q

what are the 3 phases of decelopment for a dominant follicle

A
  1. growth, stasis and regression and ovulation
51
Q

what does the dominant follicle produce

A

estradiol to threshold levels –> in absence of p4, this will induce surge of GnRH from surge center with codominant surge of LH –> ovulation

52
Q

what hormone determines wether the dominant follicle will undergo atresia or ovulation

A

P4

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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