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321 - Physiology > Repro 8 Lecture 45 Parturition and Lactation > Flashcards

Repro 8 Lecture 45 Parturition and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two stimulants of oxytocin release in the cow?

A

External Stimuli
Suckling

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2
Q

Time for endometrial repair in the dog?

A

130-140 days

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3
Q

Fetal stress leads to the release of __________ from the fetal ______________

A

CRH - corticotrophin releasing hormone
Hypothalamus

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4
Q

The release of CRH from the fetal hypothalamus leads to the release of ___________ from the fetal ___________

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
pituitary

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5
Q

The release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the fetal pituitary leads to the release of _____________ from the fetal _____________

A

cortisol
adrenal gland

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6
Q

List the endocrine events following fetal stress that initiate parturition?

A

Fetal stress –> CRH released from fetal hypothalamus –> ACTH released from fetal pituitary –> cortisol released from fetal adrenal gland

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7
Q

3 enzymes involved in converting P4 to E2

A

Hydroxylase
Desmolase
Aromatase

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8
Q

What does fetal cortisol do in relation to hormones?

A

Promotes the conversion of progesterone to estradiol

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9
Q

Fetal corticoids promote conversion of __________ to __________ and cause the placenta to synthesize PGF2-alpha (prostaglandins)

A

Progesterone to estradiol

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10
Q

Fetal corticoids promote conversion of progesterone to estradiol and cause the placenta to synthesize________________

A

PGF2-alpha (prostaglandins)

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11
Q

What hormone serves to facilitate myometrial contractility?

A

Oxytocin

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12
Q

As fetal cortisol levels rise progesterone levels ________

A

fall

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13
Q

What hormone is stimulated by prostaglandins being produced by the placenta?

A

Relaxin

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of parturition and what are they generally characterized by?

A

Stage I - fetal stress leads to a cascade of hormones which leads to fetal maturation and positioning and priming of the birth canal
Stage II - expulsion of the fetus
Stage III - expulsion of the fetal membranes

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15
Q

What does relaxin do?

A

Causes softening of the connective tissue in the cervix and increases the elasticity of the pelvic ligaments

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16
Q

In the cow: Cortisol mediated synthesis of __________from placenta leads to ______ and initiation of myometrial contractions

A

PGF2alpha
Luteolysis

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17
Q

Waterbag (other name/proper anatomical term)

A

Chorioallantois

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18
Q

What marks the end of stage 1 of parturition in cattle?

A

Dilation of cervix and entry of fetus into the birth canal + the rupture of the chorioallantois

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19
Q

What is the fetal orientation in birth canal? (cows)

A

Anterior presentation; dorsal presentation; head extended over fetlock joints

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20
Q

Ferguson reflex

A

Fetal distension on cervix stimulates a series of endocrine responses leading to oxytocin release and more myometrial contractions

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21
Q

In cattle what is stage III of parturition characterized by?

A

Detachment and expulsion of cotyledonary placenta

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22
Q

The dislodging of cotyledons is faciliated by strong _________ of chorionic villi.

A

vasoconstriction

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23
Q

The chorionic vili should be dislodged from the maternal side to avoid potential trauma which can lead to:

A

hemorrhage and metritis

24
Q

Which species can withstand retained fetal membranes?

A

Cattle

25
Q

Time taken for endometrial repair in cows

A

25-30 days

26
Q

Time taken for resumption of ovarian function in cow

A

4 weeks

27
Q

What purpose do myometrial contractions serve during the puerperium period? (3)

A

prevent hemorrhage
expulsion of lochia
involution

28
Q

The mare may show estrus within how many days after foaling?

A

8-12 days

29
Q

In the mare, how long for endometrial repair?

A

12-15 days

30
Q

time for involution in mare:

A

12 hours (fast af boi)

31
Q

Characteristic appearance of sow lochia

A

creamy coloured - will appear for a week

32
Q

Involution time in the sow

A

21 days

33
Q

Nursing sows are in what stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Anestrus

34
Q

How long before sows go into estrus after weaning?

A

5-7 days

35
Q

How long are Does (sheep) expulsing lochia? what concern about their lochia should be noted?

A

4 weeks - potential for pathogens so this should be monitored but is not the same as postpartum metritis

36
Q

How long and what is the appearance of lochia in dogs?

A

dark green mucoid lochia will be discharged for up to 12 hours and then it will be reddish brown for a week

37
Q

time until next estrus for dogs after parturition?

A

7 months

38
Q

The role of cortisol during parturition is to
A. Induce fetal maturation
B. Stimulate the conversion of progesterone to estradiol
C. Promote synthesis of PGF2a
D. All of the above

A

D - All of the above

39
Q

What is the best indication of stage 1 of foaling in mares?

A

Sweating

40
Q

About how long is stage II in the mare?

A

20 minutes

41
Q

Among the following which statement is true with respect to
foaling
A. Expulsion of the fetal membrane does not occur until 3 h
after foaling
B. Foals are usually born in intact chorioallantois
C. Foals may born in intact amnion
D. Disconnecting the foal from the mare by severing the
umbilical cord is a common management procedure

A

C - Foals may born in intact amnion

42
Q

How long are stages I, II, and II in ovine and caprine?

A

Stage I - 2-12 hours
Stage II - 1-3 hours
Stage III - 1 hour

43
Q

How long can fetal membranes remain in ovine and caprine before concern of retained membranes?

A

12 hours

44
Q

How are fetal membranes expelled in porcine?

A

Usually expelled after the last piglet

45
Q

How long between piglet births before there is cause for concern?

A

more than 15 minutes between piglets is abnormal

46
Q

what is the colour of the first discharge before the first pup is born?

A

Pink to dark red
During parturition dark green to black dischage is present due to breakdown of marginal hematoma

47
Q

What actions happen during the puerperal period?

A

Myometrial contractions
endometrial repair
resumption of ovarian function
elimination of bacterial contamination

48
Q

A healthy normal sow that farrows, nurses, and
subsequently weans a litter of pigs at 28 days postpartum is
most likely to exhibit a fertile estrus:
A. 2 to 3 days after weaning
B. Within 5 to 7 days after weaning
C. 60 days after farrowing
D. 21 days after weaning

A

B - Within 5 to 7 days after weaning

49
Q

How long are stages I, II, and II in cattle

A

Stage I - 6 hours
Stage II - 30-60 minutes
Stage III - 8 hours

50
Q

The role of cortisol during parturition is to
A.Induce fetal maturation
B.Stimulate the conversion of progesterone to estradiol
C.Promote synthesis of PGF2a
D.All of the above

A

D - all of the above

51
Q

How long are stages I, II, and II in horses

A

Stage I - 1-4 hours
Stage II - 20 minutes
Stage III - 3 hours

52
Q

How long can placenta remain in the horse before concern?

A

3 hours

53
Q

Cervical star

A

contact area between the cervical folds and chorion - usually the site of rupture

54
Q

Which fetal membrane layer is most closely associated with the fetus?

A

Amnion

55
Q

During suckling, what cell type are stimulated in the mammary tissue that facilitates release of milk?

A

Myoepithelial cells

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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