Lecture 37 - Renal Organization and Function

Question 1

Two major functions of the kidneys:

Answer 1

Excretion of metabolic waste products and regulation of the volume and composition of extracellular fluid

Question 2

_________ transport urine from kidney to bladder while the _______ transfers urine from the bladder to outside of the body

Answer 2

Ureters, Urethra

Question 3

The outermost layer of the kidney is the:

Answer 3

Cortex (C for Capsule)

Question 4

The inner layer of the kidney is the:

Answer 4

Medulla (M for middle)

Question 5

The structure which collects the urine in the kidney before the urine passes into the ureter is known as the

Answer 5

Renal pelvis

Question 6

what is the renal hilus:

Answer 6

The indented area where the ureter, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter or leave the kidney

Question 7

Which animal has lobed kidneys:

Answer 7

Cows - they are grossly lobed as well
Pigs - their kidneys are lobed but not externally apparent

Question 8

What is it called when a stone is located in the urinary tract?

Answer 8

Urolithiasis

Question 9

Medical term for urination:

Answer 9

Micturition

Question 10

Name the epithelium lining of the bladder

Answer 10

Transitional epitheliumW

Question 11

Does the bladder contain smooth or skeletal muscle?

Answer 11

Smooth

Question 12

Does the external urethral sphincter contain smooth or skeletal muscle?

Answer 12

SkeletalW

Question 13

What gives urine its yellow colour?

Answer 13

Urobilinogen - conjugated bilirubin is converted by colonic bacteria to urobilnogen and stercobilin. Some of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the blood and then removed by the kidney.

Question 14

Besides blood in the urine, why else might it be reddish?

Answer 14

Dye from the diet. E.g. eating beets, blueberries, rhubarb

Question 15

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 15

Nephron

Question 16

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

Answer 16

The glomerular tuft and bowman’s capsule

Question 17

Which area of the kidney contains corpuscles?

Answer 17

Cortex (C for capsule and for corpuscle)

Question 18

What are the two major parts of the nephron?

Answer 18

1. The renal corpuscle and 2. the tubules

Question 19

What is the filtering unit of the kidney?

Answer 19

The glomerulus

Question 20

Glomerulus:

Answer 20

A specialized bundle of capillaries that are uniquely situated between two resistance vessels and within a capsule

Question 21

What is the name for the liquid pushed out of the glomerulus into the urinary/Bowman’s space of the Bowmans capsule?

Answer 21

Ultrafiltrate NOT URINE

Question 22

What is unique about the blood supply of the nephrons?

Answer 22

This is the only place in the body where the portal system is an arteriole going to another arteriole (not a venule). Afferent arteriole –> efferent arteriole

Question 23

The efferent arterioles of nephrons give rise to the ___________ capillaries

Answer 23

Peritubular

Question 24

What are the three parts of the loop of henle

Answer 24

The thin descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb

Question 25

After the thick ascending limb reaches the same level of its glomerulus of origin, what happens to it?

Answer 25

It proceeds as the distal tubule

Question 26

What sets up the counter current exchange?

Answer 26

The opposite flow of the descending and ascending limb of the loop of henle which also allows different permeability (water vs sodium)

Question 27

Describe the path of bloodflow from the start to the end of the nephron (name the vessels)

Answer 27

Afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries

Question 28

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus’s job?

Answer 28

To control the rate of golmerular blood flow and filtration depending on hydration, blood volume, ion concentration, by regulating the function of each nephron.

Question 29

What are the three cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 29

1. The macula densa
2. The juxtaglomerular cells
3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 30

What do juxtaglomerular/granular cells do?

Answer 30

Secrete renin which has downstream effects on blood pressure through the RAA system

Question 31

What do the macula densa cells do?

Answer 31

Cells of the distal tubule that sense salt levels and can impart paracrine effects on the surrounding cells such as the juxtaglomerular cells to alter blood pressure and other cells reabsorption levels in the rest of the nephron

Question 32

What role do the extragolmerular mesangial cells play in the control of the nephron?

Answer 32

They have smooth muscle properties so can impact blood pressure through altering size of the arteriole lumen

Question 33

What cells secrete renin?

Answer 33

Juxtaglomerular aka granular cells

Question 34

Which cells belonging to the juxtaglomerular apparatus are belonging to the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 34

Macula densa