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321 - Physiology > Lecture 13 - Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Right Ventricle

blood moves through the pulmonary artery away from heart to the lungs

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2
Q

What chamber of the heart should have thicker walls in a healthy patient?

A

The left ventricle

It needs to be more muscular to push blood through the body

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3
Q

How to calculate mean ABP?

A

Mean = diastolic pressure + (1/3) pulse pressure

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4
Q

How to calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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5
Q

What is the pathway for conduction starting at the SA node?

A

SA node —> AV Node —> Bundle of His —> Right and Left Bundle Br.

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6
Q

Contractile cells do what in the heart and are the (most or least) numerous?

A

Are responsible for contraction and are the most numerous (~99% of heart cells)

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7
Q

What are conducting cells?

A

Cells responsible for electrical conduction in the heart.

e.g. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibres

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8
Q

PEA

A

Pulseless electrical activity
ECG shows signals but heart rate is 0

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9
Q

Asytole

What does this look like on the ECG? What else might we call it?

A

Flat line

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10
Q

Ventricular fibrilation look like what on an ECG?

A

Squiggles on the ECG screen

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11
Q

How much do atria contribute to cardiac output?

A

20%

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12
Q

AV block

What does it look like on an ECG?

A

Arrhythmia between the atria and the ventricle.
Will show a p wave without the presence of a QRS complex following

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13
Q

Ectopic pacemaker

A

When another area of the heart becomes the pacemaker

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14
Q

Chronotropy

autonomic effects on:

A

Influencing heart rate

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15
Q

Dromotropy

autonomic effects on:

A

Cardiac conduction

speed of beats

Apparently doesn’t always lead to an increase in heart rate if the effect is minute

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16
Q

Inotropy

Autonomic effects on:

A

Cardiac contractility

How hard it’s squeezing

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17
Q

Standardized lead placement

3 leads

A

White on the right front
Black on the left front
Red on the left hind

Smoke over fire to remember black and red

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18
Q

P wave

what action in the heart does this wave portray?

A

Atrial depolarization

19
Q

QRS complex

what action in the heart causes this complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

20
Q

T wave

what action in the heart does this wave portray?

A

Ventricular repolarization

21
Q

QT interval

What events would the mark the start and end of this interval?

A

time from start of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization

22
Q

Heart rate calculation from ECG

hint: two variations exist depending on what strip you are reading

A

if 25mm/s strip 1500/R wave
if 50mm/s strip 3000/R wave

R waves (count the number of squares between R’s on the 2 different QRS complexes

23
Q

Stroke volume

A

Blood volume ejected with one ventricular contraction
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

24
Q

Cardiac output

A

Total volume of blood ejected over time (expressed as ml or L/min)
SV x HR

25
Q

What would happen if the mitral valve is leaky?

A

Blood backs up into the atria. Stroke volume will be decreased.

(Mitral valve is between left atrium and ventricle)

26
Q

Frank Starling relationship

A

As the amount of blood that enters the heart increases, the heart naturally pumps harder to push out that extra blood.

Cardiac output correlates with end diastolic volume
As venous return increases cardiac output increases
Curvilinear relationship

27
Q

4 Auscultation areas in dog

A
  1. Mitral valve (left AV) - left 5th intercostal space (beneath elbow)
  2. Aortic valve - left 4th intercostal space (level with shoulder) For hearing S2
  3. Pulmonic valve - Left 3rd intercostal space at sternal border (axilla)
  4. Tricuspid valve (right AV) - Right 3rd to 4th intercostal space at costal chondral junction
28
Q

Causes of heart murmurs:

A

Leaky valves, stenosis valves, septal defects, decreased blood viscosity (e.g. anemia)

29
Q

4 Descriptors of heart murmurs

A

Timing, intensity, location, quality

30
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Keeps blood pressure stable by adjusting heart rate based on sensing stretch in the carotid sinus

31
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

The patent ductus is a shunt needed for fetal hearts since they do not use their lungs. This shunt should close shortly after birth, when it does not it causes leakage of blood.

32
Q

4 Auscultation areas in horses

A
  1. Mitral valve - left 5th intercostal space (1/3 distance from point of elbow to point of shoulder, caudal edge of triceps)
  2. Pulmonic valve - Left 3rd intercostal space (rostral dorsal to mitral valve)
  3. Aortic valve - left 4th intercostal space (under triceps)
  4. Tricuspid valve - Right 4th intercostal space (halfway between elbow and point of shoulder)
33
Q

What happens to blood pressure when PDA is clamped?

A

Sharply increases

34
Q

S1 heart sound

what sound does it make, where does it come from

A

Lub - AV valves close

35
Q

S2 heart sound

What sound does it make and where does it come from

A

Dub - Aortic/Pulmonic valves close

36
Q

Which type of adrenergic receptors lead to vasoconstriction?

A

Alpha adrenergic receptors

found on vascular smooth muscle
multiple vascular beds

37
Q

What would happen to blood pressure if a neurotransmitter bound to an alpha adrenergic receptor?

A

Increase

A-1 causes vasoconstriction

38
Q

What type of adrenergic receptor causes vasodilation?

A

Beta adrenergic receptors

Found in skeletal muscle

39
Q

What would happen to blood pressure if a neurotransmitter bound to a beta adrenergic receptor?

A

Decrease

Beta receptors lead to vasodilation thus decreasing blood pressure

40
Q

What type of muscles are found in arterioles?

A

Smooth

41
Q

What would happen if the SA node is knocked out?

A

The next most excitable group of cells takes over

42
Q

Where do normal conduction pathways begin in the heart?

A

SA node

43
Q

Starting at the left ventricle, what is the movement of blood -also naming the major arteries which take blood from and send blood to the heart?

A

Left ventricle –>aorta –> body –> vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> lungs –> left atrium –> left ventricle

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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