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321 - Physiology > Lecture 28 - GI Organization and Function > Flashcards

Lecture 28 - GI Organization and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic types of digestive tract systems?

A

-Simple stomached
-Forestomach (foregut) fermenters
-Hindgut fermenters

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2
Q

What are the main functions of the GI tract?

A

-Ingestion
-Mechanical breakdown
-Chemical breakdown
-Nutrient absorption
-Defecation

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3
Q

What are some common signs of GI problems?

A

-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-Constipation
-Gas
-Lack of appetite
-Weight loss
-Fever
-Dehydration
-Abdominal pain
-Abdominal distension

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4
Q

What 2 parts make up the digestive system?

A

-Alimentary canal organs
-Accessory digestive organs

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5
Q

What makes up the alimentary canal organs?

A

-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small intestines
-Large intestines

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6
Q

What makes up the accessory digestive organs?

A

-Salivary glands
-Liver
-Gall bladder
-Pancreas

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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8
Q

What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A

Caecum (hindgut fermenters)
Colon
Rectum
Anus

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9
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A

-Prehension of food
-Mastication of food material
-Swallowing and protecting the animal from inhaling food
-Beginning stages of digestion

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10
Q

What kind of senses does the tongue have?

A

-Taste
-Temperature
-Pain
-Touch

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11
Q

What are there taste receptors for?

A

Salty
Sour
Sweet
Bitter
Umami

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12
Q

What is the function of incisors?

A

Cutting food into smaller pieces that fit in the mouth

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13
Q

What is the function of premolars and molars?

A

Reducing the ingested material into finer particles for easier swallowing and to aid in digestion (more surface area)

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14
Q

Why are premolars and molars important in herbivores?

A

They are used to break down cell walls

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15
Q

What are brachydont teeth?

A

Teeth that erupt and are worn down. They do not get replaced

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16
Q

What are hypsodont teeth?

A

Teeth that erupt and grow continuously throughout the animals life

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17
Q

What are the layers of the wall of the GI tract from inside to outside?

A

Lumen
Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Circular smooth muscle
Longitudinal smooth muscle
Serosa

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18
Q

What does the mucosa contain?

A

Specialized epithelial cells for digestion and absorption

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19
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

-Loose connective tissue
-Larger nerve trunks, blood vessels, lymph vessels

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20
Q

What does contraction of the circular smooth muscle cause?

A

Segmentation

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21
Q

What does contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle cause?

A

Wave-like contractions

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22
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

Suspends the GI organs within the abdominal cavity

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23
Q

What are the two plexus of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

A

-Submucosal plexus
-Myenteric plexus

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24
Q

Where do the cells bodies of the submucosal plexus lie?

A

In the submucosa

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25
Q

Where do the cells bodies of the myenteric plexus lie?

A

Between the circular muscle and longitudinal muscle layers

26
Q

What can the nerve fibers in the GI tract detect?

A

Changes in pH, distension, osmolarity, certain toxins

27
Q

What does the myenteric plexus control?

A

Movement of GI tract

28
Q

What does the submucosal plexus control?

A

Secretion and blood flow

29
Q

What is important about the ENS?

A

It functions autonomously and integrates motor and secretory activities of the GI tract

30
Q

What would happen to the gut if sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are cut?

A

Many motor and secretory activities would continue

31
Q

Where are the parasympathetic efferent fibers that can control functions of the esophagus and part of the colon

A

Vagus nerve in the medulla oblongata (dorsal vagal complex)

32
Q

Where are the parasympathetic efferent fibers that can control functions of the colon and rectum?

A

Sacral region of the spinal cord

33
Q

What do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release and onto what kind of receptor?

A

Releases Acetylcholine (Ach) onto Nicotinic receptors of the postganglionic neuron

34
Q

What do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release and onto what kind of receptor of the target tissue?

A

Releases Acetylcholine (Ach) onto Muscarinic receptors of the target tissue

35
Q

What does the parasympathetic system primarily control in the GI tract?

A

Motility, secretion, digestion

36
Q

How does the parasympathetic system control GI functions?

A

By acting directly on the target tissue or by indirectly modulating the activity of the ENS

37
Q

What do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release and onto what kind of receptor?

A

Releases Acetylcholine (Ach) onto Nicotinic receptors of postganglionic fiber

38
Q

What do sympathetic postganglionic neurons release and onto what kind of receptor?

A

Releases Norepinephrine onto adrenergic receptors of target tissues

39
Q

Which nervous system has the most effect on the GI tract (not including the ENS)?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

40
Q

What happens to the GI tract during the fight or flight response?

A

Blood gets shunted away from the GI tract and to other body systems (ex muscles)

41
Q

What are the two functions blood vessels serve for the GI tract?

A
  1. Transport nutrients that have been absorbed by the mucosal cells
  2. Supply the organs with oxygen and nutrients
42
Q

What are lipids absorbed through in the GI tract and what system are these structures part of?

A

Absorbed through lacteals, which are part of the lymphatic system

43
Q

About how much blood is pumped to the intestines with each heartbeat during the rest and digest phase?

A

25% of the blood from each pump of the heart is sent to the intestines

44
Q

What are portal veins?

A

Veins that divert blood to the liver for processing before being returned to the heart

45
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A broad, membranous sac made of squamous epithelial tissue surrounded by connective tissue that hold digestive organs in place

46
Q

What are the two regions of the peritoneum?

A

-Visceral peritoneum (lines organs)
-Parietal peritoneum (lines abdominal wall)

47
Q

What is between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum? What is it filled with?

A

The peritoneal cavity, which is filled with serous fluid for lubrication

48
Q

What do the large folds of the visceral peritoneum contain?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

49
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation or the peritoneum

50
Q

What is chemical peritonitis?

A

Occurs when gastric juices spill into the peritoneal cavity (ex ulcers)

51
Q

How does the cardiovascular system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Blood supplies digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients

52
Q

How does the endocrine system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Endocrine hormones help regulate secretion in digestive glands and accessory organs

53
Q

How does the integumentary system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Skin helps protect digestive organs and synthesizes vitamin D for calcium absorption

54
Q

How does the lymphatic system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and other lymphatic tissue defend against entry of pathogens

Lacteals absorb lipids

Lymphatic vessels transport lipids to bloodstream

55
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Skeletal muscles support and protect abdominal organs
(Masticatory muscles for chewing and smooth muscle in the intestines as well)

56
Q

How does the nervous system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Sensory and motor neurons help regulate secretions and muscle contractions

57
Q

How does the respiratory system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Respiratory organs provide oxygen and remove CO2

58
Q

How does the skeletal system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Bones protect and support digestive organs

59
Q

How does the urinary system contribute to the digestive system?

A

Kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form, allowing calcium absorption in the small intestine.

60
Q

What is hemorrhagic peritonitis?

A

Occurs when trauma to the liver or spleen fills the peritoneal cavity with blood.

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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